PNUR 3350: Pharmacology Final
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Already Graded A+
where are corticosteroids produced? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔adrenal cortex of the
adrenal glands
where is epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the adrenal
medulla in the adrenal glands
what system regulates corticosteroid levels? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis
what is the HPA axis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a negative feedback loop
releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus -->
releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary -->
releases glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
,what are the two types of corticosteroids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
what is the major action of glucocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔anti-inflammatory
also: regulates carbohydrate, protein & lipid metabolism, maintains BP, stress
effects, immune response
what is the main action of mineralocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔BP control
also: maintains blood pH, maintains serum K levels, affects sodium and water
reabsorption
what results from the over-secretion of the adrenal hormones? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔CUSHING'S SYNDROME
May be caused by a tumour, or excessive administration of medication (steroids)
manifestations of Cushing's syndrome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔redistribution of body fat
from extremities to shoulders/abdomen, 'moon face' (from glucocorticoid
hypersecretion)
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,increased water & sodium retention, muscle weakness d/t K loss (from aldosterone
hypersecretion)
what results from the under-secretion of adrenal hormones? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔ADDISONS DISEASE
due to decreased blood sodium and glucose levels, and increased K
S&S: hyperpigmentation, weakness, headache, fatigue, nausea, anorexia,
dehydration, weight loss, confusion, fever, diaphoresis, hypotension
mineralocorticoids (indications, mechanism of action) - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Fludrocortisone 21-acetate
INDICATIONS: addison's disease, salt losing adrenogenital syndrome
MOA: acts on distal kidney tubule -> sodium reabsorption into blood -> pulls
water and fluid with it -> regulates B/P & edema
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, what are some indications of glucocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔INDICATIONS:
adrenocortical deficiency, cerebral edema, leukemia, lupus, GI diseases,
bronchospasms, allergic rhinitis, inflammation, chronic respiratory illness
exacerbations
glucocorticoids mechanism of action - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔INHIBITS inflammatory &
immune responses
what are three common glucocorticoids & their indications? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.
dexamethasone [PO, IV, IM] : variety of disorders, involving INFLAMMATION
2. hydrocortisone [PO, IV, IM] : adrenocortical insufficiency &
INFLAMMATION
3. prednisone [PO] : same as dexamethasone
what are some common adverse effects of corticosteroids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔they
may affect EVERY body system and causes IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2025/2026 Exam Questions and Verified
Answers | Already Graded A+
where are corticosteroids produced? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔adrenal cortex of the
adrenal glands
where is epinephrine and norepinephrine produced? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔the adrenal
medulla in the adrenal glands
what system regulates corticosteroid levels? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypothalamic-
Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis
what is the HPA axis? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔a negative feedback loop
releases corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus -->
releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary -->
releases glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex
,what are the two types of corticosteroids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids
what is the major action of glucocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔anti-inflammatory
also: regulates carbohydrate, protein & lipid metabolism, maintains BP, stress
effects, immune response
what is the main action of mineralocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔BP control
also: maintains blood pH, maintains serum K levels, affects sodium and water
reabsorption
what results from the over-secretion of the adrenal hormones? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔CUSHING'S SYNDROME
May be caused by a tumour, or excessive administration of medication (steroids)
manifestations of Cushing's syndrome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔redistribution of body fat
from extremities to shoulders/abdomen, 'moon face' (from glucocorticoid
hypersecretion)
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,increased water & sodium retention, muscle weakness d/t K loss (from aldosterone
hypersecretion)
what results from the under-secretion of adrenal hormones? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔ADDISONS DISEASE
due to decreased blood sodium and glucose levels, and increased K
S&S: hyperpigmentation, weakness, headache, fatigue, nausea, anorexia,
dehydration, weight loss, confusion, fever, diaphoresis, hypotension
mineralocorticoids (indications, mechanism of action) - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔Fludrocortisone 21-acetate
INDICATIONS: addison's disease, salt losing adrenogenital syndrome
MOA: acts on distal kidney tubule -> sodium reabsorption into blood -> pulls
water and fluid with it -> regulates B/P & edema
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, what are some indications of glucocorticoids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔INDICATIONS:
adrenocortical deficiency, cerebral edema, leukemia, lupus, GI diseases,
bronchospasms, allergic rhinitis, inflammation, chronic respiratory illness
exacerbations
glucocorticoids mechanism of action - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔INHIBITS inflammatory &
immune responses
what are three common glucocorticoids & their indications? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔1.
dexamethasone [PO, IV, IM] : variety of disorders, involving INFLAMMATION
2. hydrocortisone [PO, IV, IM] : adrenocortical insufficiency &
INFLAMMATION
3. prednisone [PO] : same as dexamethasone
what are some common adverse effects of corticosteroids? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔they
may affect EVERY body system and causes IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
