"BIO252: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II EXAM"
3 Major parts of the cardiovascular system - answers✔✔- blood
- heart
- blood vessels
blood - answers✔✔carries important "stuff" through the body
• stuff = amino acids, glucose, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, etc.
Composition of the Blood - answers✔✔- 55% plasma → fluids, proteins, nutrients
- 45% formed elements
formed elements - answers✔✔• red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
Plasma - answers✔✔- water (90% of plasma)
- proteins
- ions and nutrients
plasma proteins - answers✔✔• carriers (e.g., albumin) to shuttle molecules that are not soluble
because they're lipophilic (e.g., hormones) through the circulation
• keep water in the bloodstream (contribute to osmotic pressure)
• role in clotting (fibrinogen, clotting factors)
,plasma ions and nutrients - answers✔✔• ions involved in osmotic pressure
• hormones, amino acid, glucose, etc.
erythrocytes (RBCs) - answers✔✔99% of formed elements
• 45% of whole blood
• transport of gases
-- mainly transport O2 to the tissues (reversible binding to load and unload)
-- assist in transport of CO2 to the lungs
• biconcave shape, no nucleus and lack some organelles
-- more sacs so that more oxygen can be carried
leukocytes (WBCs) - answers✔✔• 1% of whole blood
• defense and immune systems
• use the blood for transport BUT not there to serve the blood
-- can leave the blood and migrate through connective tissues to serve the tissues
• much larger and far fewer than erythrocytes
• have a nucleus and organelles; can be subdivided into different groups
platelets - answers✔✔blood clotting
Hemoglobin - answers✔✔major component of RBCs; pigment protein composed of four globin
polypeptides each bound to a heme group bearing an atom of iron which can bind to one
oxygen molecule
- each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen (one per four globin polypeptide
bound to a heme group)
- oxygenated heme = red color
,- reversibly binds with oxygen
- carrying 20% of the CO2 molecules back to the heart
Hematopoiesis - answers✔✔blood cell formation
where are red and white blood cells and platelets synthesized? - answers✔✔in the red bone
marrow
from what are red and white blood cells and platelets synthesized? - answers✔✔stem cells
how long do RBCs live for? - answers✔✔120 days
erythropoietin hormone - answers✔✔hormone produced in the kidney's that promotes RBC
synthesis
triggers of RBC synthesis include... - answers✔✔• decreased oxygen levels
• increased demand for oxygen
Blood Clotting - answers✔✔- Platelets are the first compounds to form a temporary plug that
helps seal breaks in blood vessels
- through a complex chain of activations, clotting factors from the plasma convert the plasma
protein fibrinogen into fibrin
- a fibrin net traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid until tissue recovery occurs
heart - answers✔✔pumps or pushes blood through the body
3 layers in the heart wall - answers✔✔• epicardium
, • myocardium
• endocardium
epicardium - answers✔✔(aka visceral pericardium) a serous membrane of the external heart
surface consisting mainly a simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar tissue
- may also include thick layer of adipose in some places
- largest branches of the coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
myocardium - answers✔✔middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle
- thickest layer of the heart wall
- performs the work of the heart
- muscle organized into bundles that spiral around the heart → myocardial vortex
what kind of motion do the muscles of the heart exhibit when the ventricles contract and why?
- answers✔✔a twisting or wringing motion due to the myocardial vortex (spiraling bundles of
muscle) that enhances the ejection of blood
endocardium - answers✔✔membrane lining the interior chambers of the heart made of a
simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin areolar tissue layer
- does NOT include any adipose tissue
- covers the valve surfaces
- continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
fibrous skeleton of the heart - answers✔✔a framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
especially concentrated in
• the walls between the heart chambers
3 Major parts of the cardiovascular system - answers✔✔- blood
- heart
- blood vessels
blood - answers✔✔carries important "stuff" through the body
• stuff = amino acids, glucose, vitamins, oxygen, CO2, etc.
Composition of the Blood - answers✔✔- 55% plasma → fluids, proteins, nutrients
- 45% formed elements
formed elements - answers✔✔• red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• white blood cells (leukocytes)
• platelets (thrombocytes)
Plasma - answers✔✔- water (90% of plasma)
- proteins
- ions and nutrients
plasma proteins - answers✔✔• carriers (e.g., albumin) to shuttle molecules that are not soluble
because they're lipophilic (e.g., hormones) through the circulation
• keep water in the bloodstream (contribute to osmotic pressure)
• role in clotting (fibrinogen, clotting factors)
,plasma ions and nutrients - answers✔✔• ions involved in osmotic pressure
• hormones, amino acid, glucose, etc.
erythrocytes (RBCs) - answers✔✔99% of formed elements
• 45% of whole blood
• transport of gases
-- mainly transport O2 to the tissues (reversible binding to load and unload)
-- assist in transport of CO2 to the lungs
• biconcave shape, no nucleus and lack some organelles
-- more sacs so that more oxygen can be carried
leukocytes (WBCs) - answers✔✔• 1% of whole blood
• defense and immune systems
• use the blood for transport BUT not there to serve the blood
-- can leave the blood and migrate through connective tissues to serve the tissues
• much larger and far fewer than erythrocytes
• have a nucleus and organelles; can be subdivided into different groups
platelets - answers✔✔blood clotting
Hemoglobin - answers✔✔major component of RBCs; pigment protein composed of four globin
polypeptides each bound to a heme group bearing an atom of iron which can bind to one
oxygen molecule
- each hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen (one per four globin polypeptide
bound to a heme group)
- oxygenated heme = red color
,- reversibly binds with oxygen
- carrying 20% of the CO2 molecules back to the heart
Hematopoiesis - answers✔✔blood cell formation
where are red and white blood cells and platelets synthesized? - answers✔✔in the red bone
marrow
from what are red and white blood cells and platelets synthesized? - answers✔✔stem cells
how long do RBCs live for? - answers✔✔120 days
erythropoietin hormone - answers✔✔hormone produced in the kidney's that promotes RBC
synthesis
triggers of RBC synthesis include... - answers✔✔• decreased oxygen levels
• increased demand for oxygen
Blood Clotting - answers✔✔- Platelets are the first compounds to form a temporary plug that
helps seal breaks in blood vessels
- through a complex chain of activations, clotting factors from the plasma convert the plasma
protein fibrinogen into fibrin
- a fibrin net traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid until tissue recovery occurs
heart - answers✔✔pumps or pushes blood through the body
3 layers in the heart wall - answers✔✔• epicardium
, • myocardium
• endocardium
epicardium - answers✔✔(aka visceral pericardium) a serous membrane of the external heart
surface consisting mainly a simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar tissue
- may also include thick layer of adipose in some places
- largest branches of the coronary blood vessels travel through this layer
myocardium - answers✔✔middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle
- thickest layer of the heart wall
- performs the work of the heart
- muscle organized into bundles that spiral around the heart → myocardial vortex
what kind of motion do the muscles of the heart exhibit when the ventricles contract and why?
- answers✔✔a twisting or wringing motion due to the myocardial vortex (spiraling bundles of
muscle) that enhances the ejection of blood
endocardium - answers✔✔membrane lining the interior chambers of the heart made of a
simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin areolar tissue layer
- does NOT include any adipose tissue
- covers the valve surfaces
- continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
fibrous skeleton of the heart - answers✔✔a framework of collagenous and elastic fibers
especially concentrated in
• the walls between the heart chambers
