levels of pollution, waste, and other environmental risks. The ethical concern here is about
fairness—whether it is just for these communities to bear a larger share of the negative
impacts of industrial development and environmental degradation.Legally, environmental
regulations such as the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water Act are designed to curb
pollution and protect public health. However, enforcement of these laws is often
inadequate, and the legal system may not always provide sufficient redress for communities
that suffer from environmental harm. This raises questions about the effectiveness of
current legal structures in promoting environmental justice.#### 7.2 **Climate Change
and Global Responsibility**Climate change presents a particularly difficult ethical and
legal challenge. While the causes of climate change are now widely accepted (mainly human
activities such as burning fossil fuels and
Solution Manual for
Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing (7th Edition)
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING
Review Questions
Answers to questions labeled (A) are immediately available to students.
What is Manufacturing?
1.1 (A) Define manufacturing.
Answer. The text defines manufacturing in two ways: technologically and economically.
Technologically, manufacturing is the application of physical and chemical processes to alter
the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given starting material to make parts or
products; manufacturing also includes assembly of multiple parts to make products.
Economically, manufacturing is the transformation of materials into items of greater value
by means of one or more processing and/or assembly operations. The key point is that
manufacturing adds value to the material by changing its shape or properties, or by
combining it with other materials.
1.2 What is the difference between consumer goods and capital goods? Give some examples in
each category.
Answer. Consumer goods are products purchased directly by consumers, such as cars,
personal computers, TVs, tires, and tennis rackets. Capital goods are those purchased by
companies to produce goods and/or provide services. Examples of capital goods include
aircraft, computers, communication equipment, medical apparatus, trucks and buses,
railroad locomotives, machine tools, and construction equipment.
1.3 What is the difference between soft product variety and hard product variety, as these
terms are defined in the text?
Answer. Soft product variety is when there are only small differences among products, such
as the differences among car models made on the same production line. In an assembled
product, soft variety is characterized by a high proportion of common parts among the
models. Hard product variety is when the products differ substantially, and there are few
common parts, if any. The difference between a car and a truck exemplifies hard variety.
1.4 How are product variety and production quantity related when comparing typical factories?
, Answer. In general, production quantity is inversely related to product variety. A factory
that produces a large variety of products will produce a smaller quantity of each. A
company that produces a single product will produce a large quantity.
1.5 One of the dimensions of manufacturing capability is technological processing capability.
Define technological processing capability.
Answer. The technological processing capability of a plant (or company) is its available set
of manufacturing processes. Certain plants perform machining operations, others roll steel
billets into sheet stock, and others build automobiles. The underlying feature that
distinguishes these plants is the processes they can perform. Technological processing
capability includes not only the physical processes, but also the expertise possessed by plant
personnel in these processing technologies.
levels of pollution, waste, and other environmental risks. The ethical concern here is about fairness—whether
it is just for these communities to bear a larger share of the negative impacts of industrial development and
environmental degradation.Legally, environmental regulations such as the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water
Act are designed to curb pollution and protect public health. However, enforcement of these laws is often
inadequate, and the legal system may not always provide sufficient redress for communities that suffer from
environmental harm. This raises questions about the effectiveness of current legal structures in promoting
environmental justice.#### 7.2 **Climate Change and Global Responsibility**Climate change presents a
particularly difficult ethical and legal challenge. While the causes of climate change are now widely accepted
(mainly human activities such as burning fossil fuels and
Manufacturing Materials
1.6 (A) What are the four categories of engineering materials used in manufacturing?
Answer. The four categories of engineering materials are (1) metals, (2) ceramics, (3)
polymers, and (4) composite materials, which consist of non-homogeneous mixtures of the
other three types.
1.7 What is the definition of steel?
Answer. Steel can be defined as an iron–carbon alloy containing 0.02% to 2.11% carbon.
Its composition often includes other alloying elements as well, such as manganese,
chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, to enhance the properties of the metal.
1.8 What are some of the typical applications of steel?
Answer. Applications of steel include construction (e.g., bridges, I-beams, and nails),
transportation (trucks, rails, and rolling stock for railroads), and consumer products
(automobiles and appliances).
1.9 (A) What is the difference between a thermoplastic polymer and a thermosetting polymer?
Answer. Thermoplastic polymers can be subjected to multiple heating and cooling cycles
without substantially altering the molecular structure of the polymer. Thermosetting
polymers chemically transform (cure) into a rigid structure on cooling from a heated
plastic condition.
1.10 What is the defining characteristic or property of an elastomer?
Answer. Elastomers are polymers that exhibit significant elastic behavior.
Manufacturing Processes
fairness—whether it is just for these communities to bear a larger share of the negative
impacts of industrial development and environmental degradation.Legally, environmental
regulations such as the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water Act are designed to curb
pollution and protect public health. However, enforcement of these laws is often
inadequate, and the legal system may not always provide sufficient redress for communities
that suffer from environmental harm. This raises questions about the effectiveness of
current legal structures in promoting environmental justice.#### 7.2 **Climate Change
and Global Responsibility**Climate change presents a particularly difficult ethical and
legal challenge. While the causes of climate change are now widely accepted (mainly human
activities such as burning fossil fuels and
Solution Manual for
Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing (7th Edition)
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING
Review Questions
Answers to questions labeled (A) are immediately available to students.
What is Manufacturing?
1.1 (A) Define manufacturing.
Answer. The text defines manufacturing in two ways: technologically and economically.
Technologically, manufacturing is the application of physical and chemical processes to alter
the geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given starting material to make parts or
products; manufacturing also includes assembly of multiple parts to make products.
Economically, manufacturing is the transformation of materials into items of greater value
by means of one or more processing and/or assembly operations. The key point is that
manufacturing adds value to the material by changing its shape or properties, or by
combining it with other materials.
1.2 What is the difference between consumer goods and capital goods? Give some examples in
each category.
Answer. Consumer goods are products purchased directly by consumers, such as cars,
personal computers, TVs, tires, and tennis rackets. Capital goods are those purchased by
companies to produce goods and/or provide services. Examples of capital goods include
aircraft, computers, communication equipment, medical apparatus, trucks and buses,
railroad locomotives, machine tools, and construction equipment.
1.3 What is the difference between soft product variety and hard product variety, as these
terms are defined in the text?
Answer. Soft product variety is when there are only small differences among products, such
as the differences among car models made on the same production line. In an assembled
product, soft variety is characterized by a high proportion of common parts among the
models. Hard product variety is when the products differ substantially, and there are few
common parts, if any. The difference between a car and a truck exemplifies hard variety.
1.4 How are product variety and production quantity related when comparing typical factories?
, Answer. In general, production quantity is inversely related to product variety. A factory
that produces a large variety of products will produce a smaller quantity of each. A
company that produces a single product will produce a large quantity.
1.5 One of the dimensions of manufacturing capability is technological processing capability.
Define technological processing capability.
Answer. The technological processing capability of a plant (or company) is its available set
of manufacturing processes. Certain plants perform machining operations, others roll steel
billets into sheet stock, and others build automobiles. The underlying feature that
distinguishes these plants is the processes they can perform. Technological processing
capability includes not only the physical processes, but also the expertise possessed by plant
personnel in these processing technologies.
levels of pollution, waste, and other environmental risks. The ethical concern here is about fairness—whether
it is just for these communities to bear a larger share of the negative impacts of industrial development and
environmental degradation.Legally, environmental regulations such as the Clean Air Act or the Clean Water
Act are designed to curb pollution and protect public health. However, enforcement of these laws is often
inadequate, and the legal system may not always provide sufficient redress for communities that suffer from
environmental harm. This raises questions about the effectiveness of current legal structures in promoting
environmental justice.#### 7.2 **Climate Change and Global Responsibility**Climate change presents a
particularly difficult ethical and legal challenge. While the causes of climate change are now widely accepted
(mainly human activities such as burning fossil fuels and
Manufacturing Materials
1.6 (A) What are the four categories of engineering materials used in manufacturing?
Answer. The four categories of engineering materials are (1) metals, (2) ceramics, (3)
polymers, and (4) composite materials, which consist of non-homogeneous mixtures of the
other three types.
1.7 What is the definition of steel?
Answer. Steel can be defined as an iron–carbon alloy containing 0.02% to 2.11% carbon.
Its composition often includes other alloying elements as well, such as manganese,
chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, to enhance the properties of the metal.
1.8 What are some of the typical applications of steel?
Answer. Applications of steel include construction (e.g., bridges, I-beams, and nails),
transportation (trucks, rails, and rolling stock for railroads), and consumer products
(automobiles and appliances).
1.9 (A) What is the difference between a thermoplastic polymer and a thermosetting polymer?
Answer. Thermoplastic polymers can be subjected to multiple heating and cooling cycles
without substantially altering the molecular structure of the polymer. Thermosetting
polymers chemically transform (cure) into a rigid structure on cooling from a heated
plastic condition.
1.10 What is the defining characteristic or property of an elastomer?
Answer. Elastomers are polymers that exhibit significant elastic behavior.
Manufacturing Processes
