TAMU BIOL 320 Lab Practical 1 Questions and Answers correct

TAMU BIOL 320 Lab Practical 1 Questions and Answers correct What are paravertebral or sympathetic chain ganglia? A longitudinal series of sympathetic postganglionic neurons. What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system? - Sensory input - Sensory integration - Motor output Through ________ the PNS and CNS communicate. Cranial and spinal nerves Afferent impulses are also known as ______________ impulses. Sensory Efferent impulses are also known as ______________ impulses. Motor What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? Sympathetic and parasympathetic What are the basic functions of the sympathetic nervous system? Fight or flight type responses What are the basic functions of the parasympathetic nervous system? Basic housekeeping and idling functions T/F: Cranial nerves designated as being motor ONLY transfer motor information. False: There is some sensory information being passed due to proprioception List the three layers of nerve coverings from most superficial to deepest. - Epinurium - Perineurium - Endonurium What is the function of glial cells? Support, protect, and maintain nerve tissue Define: Neuroglia A network of glial cells In the CNS, cerebrospinal fluid is produced by _________ cells. Glial What are the glial cells of the CNS? - Astrocytes - Microglia - Ependymal - Oligodendrocytes What are the glial cells of the PNS? - Schwann - Satellite Describe the function(s) of astrocytes. - Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons - Guide migration of young neurons in synapse formation *Same as satellite cells* Describe the function(s) of microglia. - Monitor the health of neurons - Sense when neurons are under attack Describe the function(s) of ependymal cells. - Form semi-permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid and CNS tissue - Circulate cerebrospinal fluid Describe the function(s) of oligodendrocytes. Form myelin sheath around thicker CNS fibers Describe the function(s) of satellite cells. - Make exchanges between capillaries and neurons - Guide migration of young neurons in synapse formation *Same as Astrocytes* Describe the function(s) of Schwann cells. - Form myelin sheath around larger nerve fibers - Involved in regeneration of damaged PNS nerve fibers Astrocytes' extensions are formally called _________. Perivascular feet The impulses that travel along a dendrite are called __________. Graded potentials The impulses that travel along an axon are called __________. Action potentials An axon divides into ___________ and then into further divisions called _______. Collateral branches; telodendria On an axon, the synaptic terminals are located on _______. The distal end of telodendria T/F: All nerve fibers are covered with a myelin sheath False: Large nerve fibers are primarily the myelinated fibers but smaller fibers can be myelinated too T/F: Dendrites are always unmyelinated True Define: Interneuron Neurons that lie between sensory and motor neurons; the site for integration 99% of CNS nerves are ________ (type). Multipolar Ligand gated channels open in response to ________ while voltage gated channels open in response to __________. Neurotransmitters; changes in membrane potential Define: Lateralization (wrt the brain) Specialization of the hemispheres for specific processes What's the myelin situation of neurons located in the grey matter? They are unmyelinated The inferior portion of the corpus collosum is called the ________. Fornix The corpus collosum and fornix meet at the __________. Anterior commissure Pyramidal cells belong to what larger classification of neural cells? Multipolar What are the three structures that make up the diencephalon? - Thalamus - Hypothalamus - Epithalamus What structure is enclosed by the diencephalon? The third ventricle What is the function of the mammillary bodies? They act as a relay station for olfactory pathways The infundibulum is located between the ________ and ________. Hypothalamus, pituitary gland The pineal gland is located in the __________. Epithalamus What feedback loop controls the pineal gland? Superchiasmatic nucleus Melatonin is secreted by ________. The pineal gland Define: Acervuli Calcium deposits that occur with age in the pineal gland What are the three structures that make up the brain stem? - Medulla oblongata - Pons - Mesencephalon ___________ is a collection of nuclei that is scattered throughout the white matter with four projections on the dorsal mesencephalon surface. Corpora quadrigemina The _______ coordinates head and eye movements. Superior colliculi The _____ colliculi plays a part in auditory relay of messages from the hearing receptors in the ear. Inferior What structure in the brain is especially dark due to a high concentration of melanin? Substantia nigra Dopamine is released by neurons located in the ____________. Substantia nigra A lack of which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson's disease? Dopamine The accumulation of Lewy bodies is associated with _____________. Parkinson's Disease Define: Contralateral Correlating to something on the opposite side Define: Ipsilateral Correlating to something on the same side What are the three meninges of the brain in order from most superficial to deepest? - Dura mater - Arachnoid mater - Pia mater The ________ separates the lateral ventricals of the two hemispheres. Septum pellicidum What is the flow of CSF starting at the lateral ventricle? - Lateral ventricle - Interventricular foramen - Third ventricle - Aqueduct of the midbrain - Fourth ventricle - Apertures - Exterior of brain and spinal cord _______ cells located in the ________ produce CSF. Ependymal; Choroid plexus (Also: 4th ventricle) ________ cells located in the __________ region of the brain allow us to consciously and precisely control skeletal muscle. Pyramidal; Primary motor cortex The _________ region of the brain is responsible for learned repetitive motor skills (such as typing). Premotor cortex __________ is associated with control over the muscles that allow for speech. Broca's area The _________ area controls voluntary eye movements. Frontal eye field What region of the brain is responsible for conscious awareness of balance? Vestibular cortex The __________ pathways regulates muscle tone. Indirect (also: extrapyramidal) Dorsal root ganglia are populated by _____ (type of neural cell). Unipolar cells _______ receive pressure touch stimuli. Meissner's corpuscles The subarachnoid space is filled with ___________. CSF and blood vessels _____ reflect the algebraic sum of the electrical potential changes occurring from large populations of cells. EEGs Define: Hz Hertz: the number of peaks per second What is the frequency of alpha waves? 8 to 13 Hz What is the frequency of beta waves? 13 to 30 Hz What is the frequency of theta waves? 4 to 8 Hz What is the frequency of delta waves? 0.5 to 4 Hz What is the frequency of gamma waves? 30 to 50 Hz Alpha waves indicate what sort of brain function/state? Idling Beta waves indicate what sort of brain function? Concentration and complex thought Theta waves indicate what sort of brain function? Sleep (all stages) Delta waves indicate what sort of brain function? Sleep (only stages 3 and 4) In general, the more active the brain the ________ the frequency and ________ the amplitude of the EEG. Higher; lower A flat EEG indicates _________. Brain death What are the four categories of consciousness? - Alert - Lethargy - Stupor - Coma What's the difference between sleep and coma? A person who is asleep can be aroused by stimulation while someone who is in a coma cannot be aroused What stages fall under slow wave sleep? 3 and 4 As sleep cycles progress, REM sleep becomes ________ and stages 3 and 4 grow ___________. Longer; shorter ___________ waves indicate the onset of REM sleep. Alpha The _________ regulates the timing of the sleep cycle. Hypothalamus WRT sleep, orexins function as _____________. "Wake up" chemicals What hormones are most present during REM sleep? Norepinephrine, corticosteroids, and testosterone (in males) What hormones are most present during non REM sleep? Serotonin T/F: During REM sleep, EMGs show the most activity. False: During REM sleep EMGs show the LEAST activity due to the paralysis the brain induces on the body Define: Reverse Learning Theory that applies to REM sleep; The elimination of accidentally learned and meaningless neural pathways that inhibit efficiency of thinking Define: Psychophysiology How the body reacts to psychological processes Define: Adaptation (wrt sensation) Process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive due to continual stimulation T/F: Nociceptors are subject to the phenomenon of adaptation False: They tend not to adapt which is why pain blocking medications are sometimes used