Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol without
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, Does It Need Trusted Third Party? Design of
Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol without Trusted
Third Party*
Jae-Gwi Choi1, Kouichi Sakurai2, and Ji-Hwan Park1
1 Department of Information Security, Pukyong National Univ. 599-1 Daeyeon-dong
Nam-ku Busan, Korea
MDH#PDLOSNQXDFNUMSDUN#SNQXDFNU
2 Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu Univ. 6-10-1 Hakozaki
Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan
VDNXUDL#FVFHN\XVKXXDFMS
Abstract. Buyer-seller watermarking protocol is a combination of traditional
watermarking and fingerprinting techniques. For example, in applications
where multimedia content is electronically distributed over a network, the con-
tent owner can embed a distinct watermark (a fingerprint), in each copy of the
data that is distributed. If unauthorized copies of the data are found, then the
origin of the copy can be determined by retrieving the unique watermark corre-
sponding to each buyer. Recently, Ju and Kim proposed an anonymous buyer-
seller watermarking protocol, where a buyer can purchase contents anony-
mously, but the anonymity can be controlled. They used two trusted parties: the
watermark certification authority and the judge. The significance of this proto-
col is that it offered anonymity to watermarking protocol. But this protocol has
the problem that honest buyers can be found as guilty, because sellers can rec-
reate the same contents as the buyer’s one if he/she colludes with the watermark
certification authority and the judge. Thus this scheme must assume existence
of the trusted third parties for its security. In this paper, we show shortcomings
of this protocol and suggest a buyer-seller watermarking protocol that provides
security of buyers and sellers without trusted third party.
1 Introduction
The current rapid development of new Information Technology and electronic com-
merce has resulted in a strong demand for reliable and secure copyright protection
techniques for multimedia data. Over the past few decades, a considerable number of
studies have been conducted on the design of methods that technically support the
copyright protection of digital data. Copyright marking schemes have been proposed
as the important class of these techniques. They are the embedding of marks into
digital contents that can later be detected to identify owners (watermarking) or recipi-
* The first and third authors were partly supported by grant No.01-2002-000-00589-0 from the
Basic Research Program of the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation and by University
IT Research Center Project, MIC, Korea. It was done while the first author visits in Kyushu
Univ. with the support of Association of International Education, Japan.
J. Zhou, M. Yung, Y. Han (Eds.): ACNS 2003, LNCS 2846, pp. 265–279, 2003.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003