Unit – I
Introduction of pathology
The pathology is study of suffering pathology is a discipline that clinical practice and
basic sign
Father of pathology – “Rudolf virchow”
Father of medicine – “Hippocrates”
Definition – pathology deals with causes, effects mechanism of disease and nature of
disease
Importance of study of pathology – the pathology and its study forms the base by which
all disease can be studied an knowledge of pathology can be used for treatment and
care of disease.
The knowledge and understanding of pathology is essential for him care provide – to
understand the causes and mechanism of disease due to knowledge of pathology health
case provider able to suggest appropriate treatment and preventive major to the
patients. Terminology –
1. Patient – it is a person effected by disease.
2. Lesion – these are characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by
diseases in an individual.
3. Etiology – it is study of causes
4. Pathogenesis – the mechanism by which the lesion are produced is termed as
pathogenesis.
5. Symptoms – the functional implication manifestation felt by the pt’s is non as
symptoms.
6. Sign – functional implication manifestation observe by clinical non as sign .
7. Complication – complication is the secondary pathological condition is the
presence of family pathological condition.
8. Healing – if is the ability of body to replace the dead cells and repair the damage
cells
9. Hyperplasia – it is define as increase in number of cells in an organ which leads to
increase in volume of organ
10. Hypertrophy – it is define as increases in sizes of cells which leads to
increase in size of an organ.
, 11. Atrophy – it is define as reduction in the size of cell which leads to
reduction is size of an organ.
12. Metabolism – it is define as a Reversible change of one adult type of
epithelium clear to another adult type of epithelium .
13. Adaptation – adaptation refers to changes in structure an function of cell as
response to injury
14. Apoptosis – program cell death non as apoptosis.
Human pathology – it is the branch of pathology which deals with the human diseases.
Sub devision of human pathology
1. General pathology – it deals with the general principal of disease.
2. Systemic pathology – systemic pathology is the study of diseases related to
specific organ or body system
Human pathology
General pathology
Systemic pathology
Sub specialties of pathology –
1. Histopathology (Anatomic pathology) – it include structural changes in the
disease organ and micro - scope changes which can be seen by micro – scope his
to pathology has many subdivision such as
a. Surgical pathology – it deal with the study of tissues removed from the living
body.
The pathologist make barriers section of tissues & make slides.
b. Cytopathology – it includes study of cells shed off from the lesion
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) superficial and deep sited lesion for
c. Forensic pathology (Autopsy work) – it includes study of tissues & organs
removed at post mordan.
It helps in finding the sequence of event living to death.
2. Haematology – it deals with the study of blood .
3. Chemical pathology – it deals with the analysis of bio chemical constituents of
blood, urine seman and CSF.
, 4. Immunology / immune pathology – if include detection of abnormalities in the
immune system of the body
5. Molocular pathology – it include an diagnosis of abnormalties at the level of DNA
other molecules of cell.
6. Geographical pathology – geographical pathology is the study of difference in
distribution of frequency in type of disease in population of different part of
world.
7. Experimental pathology – experimental pathology is defined as production of
disease in experimental animal and its study. Hence your all the finding of the
experimental works in animals may not be.
8. Genetical pathology – it include detection and diagnosis of abnormalties and act
the heritical level.
Methods and techniques for the study of pathology –
1. Surgical pathology – it is the classical method of tissue diagnosis made on gross
microscopic study of tissue.
2. Autopsy pathology – these are two methods to carry out autopsy.
a. Block extraction of abdominal thoracic abstraction
b. Insite organ dissection.
Surgical pathology
1. Request from – in this protocole physical & cooperating finding along with
reliable are some to the pathologist with detailed history of pts
2. Transport of tissue – tissue received in the surgical pathology lab must have
proper identification of the specimen magziene with request for.
3. Gross examination – calcified tissue and bones are subjective to decalcification.
It is compulsory that all the gross personal prepation in handling their tissue.
4. Histo pathology lab – embeding of tissue is cloes in motten wax blocks and them
they are treamed by micotromy. This process Is followed by micro scopic
examination .
5. Surgical pathology report – ideal repert must centain five aspects
History
Gross description
Brief micro scopic finding
Morphological diagnosis
, Additional coments in some cases
3. Basic microscopy – microscope is the basis role of the pathologist. It is an
instrument which produce enlarge image of objects. Used type of microscope
used in clinical lab is called like microscope.
4. Electrone microscope – electrone microscope is developed in Germany in 1930.
Type of electrone microscope – ten (trans mission electrone microscope) - if is use in
study of cell as organallies level. Electron passing through ultra thing section of tissue.
The menifection of TEN by is 2000 – 10,000.
SEN (scanning electron microscope) – it provide 3 dimention
Uses of electron microscope –
In renal pathology
For research purpose
5. Immunofluro – this technique is used to fined out antigenic molecule on the cell
by microscopic examination.
The antigenic side & mode visual by using flurochrone which absorved radiation
in the form photo reactive chemical absorb energy.
From of ultra violate rays.
Componant of imuno flourosence
I. Source of light
II. filters
III. Condenser
Cytogenetics – study of cell and chromosome known as cytogenetics.
Application of cytogenetics –
1. Chromosomal numerical abnormalities.
2. Chromosomal structural abnormalties.
3. Study of cancer.
Karyotype – karyotyping is define as sequence of chromosome on the basis of size,
location and their pattern.
Molecular pathology – molecular pathology detect the abnomalty at the level of DNA &
RNA.
Introduction of pathology
The pathology is study of suffering pathology is a discipline that clinical practice and
basic sign
Father of pathology – “Rudolf virchow”
Father of medicine – “Hippocrates”
Definition – pathology deals with causes, effects mechanism of disease and nature of
disease
Importance of study of pathology – the pathology and its study forms the base by which
all disease can be studied an knowledge of pathology can be used for treatment and
care of disease.
The knowledge and understanding of pathology is essential for him care provide – to
understand the causes and mechanism of disease due to knowledge of pathology health
case provider able to suggest appropriate treatment and preventive major to the
patients. Terminology –
1. Patient – it is a person effected by disease.
2. Lesion – these are characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by
diseases in an individual.
3. Etiology – it is study of causes
4. Pathogenesis – the mechanism by which the lesion are produced is termed as
pathogenesis.
5. Symptoms – the functional implication manifestation felt by the pt’s is non as
symptoms.
6. Sign – functional implication manifestation observe by clinical non as sign .
7. Complication – complication is the secondary pathological condition is the
presence of family pathological condition.
8. Healing – if is the ability of body to replace the dead cells and repair the damage
cells
9. Hyperplasia – it is define as increase in number of cells in an organ which leads to
increase in volume of organ
10. Hypertrophy – it is define as increases in sizes of cells which leads to
increase in size of an organ.
, 11. Atrophy – it is define as reduction in the size of cell which leads to
reduction is size of an organ.
12. Metabolism – it is define as a Reversible change of one adult type of
epithelium clear to another adult type of epithelium .
13. Adaptation – adaptation refers to changes in structure an function of cell as
response to injury
14. Apoptosis – program cell death non as apoptosis.
Human pathology – it is the branch of pathology which deals with the human diseases.
Sub devision of human pathology
1. General pathology – it deals with the general principal of disease.
2. Systemic pathology – systemic pathology is the study of diseases related to
specific organ or body system
Human pathology
General pathology
Systemic pathology
Sub specialties of pathology –
1. Histopathology (Anatomic pathology) – it include structural changes in the
disease organ and micro - scope changes which can be seen by micro – scope his
to pathology has many subdivision such as
a. Surgical pathology – it deal with the study of tissues removed from the living
body.
The pathologist make barriers section of tissues & make slides.
b. Cytopathology – it includes study of cells shed off from the lesion
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) superficial and deep sited lesion for
c. Forensic pathology (Autopsy work) – it includes study of tissues & organs
removed at post mordan.
It helps in finding the sequence of event living to death.
2. Haematology – it deals with the study of blood .
3. Chemical pathology – it deals with the analysis of bio chemical constituents of
blood, urine seman and CSF.
, 4. Immunology / immune pathology – if include detection of abnormalities in the
immune system of the body
5. Molocular pathology – it include an diagnosis of abnormalties at the level of DNA
other molecules of cell.
6. Geographical pathology – geographical pathology is the study of difference in
distribution of frequency in type of disease in population of different part of
world.
7. Experimental pathology – experimental pathology is defined as production of
disease in experimental animal and its study. Hence your all the finding of the
experimental works in animals may not be.
8. Genetical pathology – it include detection and diagnosis of abnormalties and act
the heritical level.
Methods and techniques for the study of pathology –
1. Surgical pathology – it is the classical method of tissue diagnosis made on gross
microscopic study of tissue.
2. Autopsy pathology – these are two methods to carry out autopsy.
a. Block extraction of abdominal thoracic abstraction
b. Insite organ dissection.
Surgical pathology
1. Request from – in this protocole physical & cooperating finding along with
reliable are some to the pathologist with detailed history of pts
2. Transport of tissue – tissue received in the surgical pathology lab must have
proper identification of the specimen magziene with request for.
3. Gross examination – calcified tissue and bones are subjective to decalcification.
It is compulsory that all the gross personal prepation in handling their tissue.
4. Histo pathology lab – embeding of tissue is cloes in motten wax blocks and them
they are treamed by micotromy. This process Is followed by micro scopic
examination .
5. Surgical pathology report – ideal repert must centain five aspects
History
Gross description
Brief micro scopic finding
Morphological diagnosis
, Additional coments in some cases
3. Basic microscopy – microscope is the basis role of the pathologist. It is an
instrument which produce enlarge image of objects. Used type of microscope
used in clinical lab is called like microscope.
4. Electrone microscope – electrone microscope is developed in Germany in 1930.
Type of electrone microscope – ten (trans mission electrone microscope) - if is use in
study of cell as organallies level. Electron passing through ultra thing section of tissue.
The menifection of TEN by is 2000 – 10,000.
SEN (scanning electron microscope) – it provide 3 dimention
Uses of electron microscope –
In renal pathology
For research purpose
5. Immunofluro – this technique is used to fined out antigenic molecule on the cell
by microscopic examination.
The antigenic side & mode visual by using flurochrone which absorved radiation
in the form photo reactive chemical absorb energy.
From of ultra violate rays.
Componant of imuno flourosence
I. Source of light
II. filters
III. Condenser
Cytogenetics – study of cell and chromosome known as cytogenetics.
Application of cytogenetics –
1. Chromosomal numerical abnormalities.
2. Chromosomal structural abnormalties.
3. Study of cancer.
Karyotype – karyotyping is define as sequence of chromosome on the basis of size,
location and their pattern.
Molecular pathology – molecular pathology detect the abnomalty at the level of DNA &
RNA.
