NSG 533 PHARM EXAM 3| 2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED|145 REAL
EXAM AND COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED
CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (answer)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (answer)- do not
have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (answer)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
,- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - (answer)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (answer)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (answer)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (answer)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (answer)relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - (answer)1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
,how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (answer)cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have
HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - (answer)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling
Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can
cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (answer)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
, effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (answer)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (answer)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (answer)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (answer)-
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
EXAM AND COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED
CORRECT | 100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - (answer)- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - (answer)- do not
have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - (answer)- clinical syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
,- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - (answer)black males and females; older women
two biggest causes of HF - (answer)1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - (answer)SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - (answer)contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - (answer)relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - (answer)1. American Heart Assocation
(A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
,how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - (answer)cardiac
dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they have
HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - (answer)1. Hemodynamics (Frank Starling
Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase contractility (long-term can
cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor - vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - (answer)1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
, effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - (answer)- causes vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - (answer)20x higher than normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - (answer)- increases sodium and water reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - (answer)-
dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
