BIOL 2230 Exam 1 Questions and
ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii
Answers ii
Who iiwas iithe iifirst iito iisee iimicroorganisms? iiHow? iiWhen? ii- iiAnton iiLeeuwenhoek, iiwith
iithe ii
ii
lens iihe iigrinded,
ii1674
ii
Who iideveloped iithe iigerm iitheory iiof iidisease? ii- iiPasteur ii& iiKock ii
ii
What iiare iithe iivarious iitypes iiof iimicroorganisms? ii- iiBacteria, iiEukarya, iiand iiArchaea ii
ii
What iiare iiprokaryotes iiand iieukaryotes? ii- iiProkaryotes ii- iino iinucleus iior
iiinternal ii
ii
membranes iiEukaryotes ii- iihave iinucleus iiand iiinternal
iimembranes
ii
What iiare iibacteria iiand iiarchaeans? ii- iiBacteria ii- iidomain iiof iiprokaryotic iiorganisms,
iicharacterized iiby iipeptidoglycan iicell iiwalls iiArchaeans ii- iidomain iiof iiprokaryotic iicells
iilacking iipeptidoglycan; iione iiof iithe iithree iidomains ii
ii
What iiare iiviruses, iiviroids, iiand iiprions? ii- iiViruses ii- iia iisubmicroscopic, iiparasitic,
iifilterable iiagent iiconsisting iiof iia iinucleic iiacid iisurrounded iiby iia iiprotein iicoat iiViroids ii-
iiinfectious iiRNA iiPrions ii- iian iiinfectious iiagent iiconsisting iiof iia iiself-replicating iiprotein,
iiwith iino iidetectable iinucleic iiacid ii
ii
How iiare iimicroorganisms iinamed iiand iiclassified? ii- iiBinomial iiNaming iiSystem ii
ii
What iiroles iido iimicroorganisms iiplay iiin iithe iienvironment, iifood iiproduction, iiand
iibiotechnology? ii- iiEnvironment ii- iioxygen iiproduction iivia iiphotosynthesis,
iidecomposition ii
Food iiProduction ii- iifermentation iiand iipasteurization, iibeer, iiwine, iicheese, iiyogurt,
iibread iiBiotechnology ii- iigenetic iiengineering ii
ii
What iiimpacts iihave iimicroorganisms iihad iion iihistory? ii- iiThe iiPlague, iiCortez iiConquers
iithe ii
ii
Aztecs ii(Spaniards iibrought iismallpox iiover iito iithe iinew iiworld iiand iikilled iiall iiof iithe
iiAztecs
ii
with iiinfection), iiCivil iiWar
ii(infection)
ii
When iiwas iithe ii"Golden iiAge iiof iiMicrobiology"? ii- ii1857-1914, ii50 iiyear iiperiod ii(mid
ii1800's ii
ii
to iiearly
ii1900's)
ii
, What iiquestions iidid iiscientists iiattempt iito iianswer? ii- ii1) iiDoes iilife iiarise iispontaneously?
ii2) ii
ii
What iicauses iifermentation? ii3) iiWhat iicauses iidisease? ii4) iiHow iican iidisease
iibe
ii
treated/prevented?
ii
What iiis iithe iitheory iiof iispontaneous iigeneration? ii- iiThe iiidea iithat iilife iicould iiarise iifrom
iinothing. iiThe iiidea iithat iitoads, iisnakes, iiand iimice iicould iibe iiborn iiof iimoist iisoil; iithat
iiflies iicould iiemerge iifrom iimanure; iiand iithat iimaggots iicould iiarise iifrom iidecaying
iicorpse. ii
ii
Who iicontributed iito iidisproving iispontaneous iigeneration? ii- iiRedi, iiSpallanzani,
iiand ii
ii
Pasteur
ii
What iiis iifermentation? ii- iiThe iienzymatic iidegradation iiof iicarbohydrates iiin iiwhich iithe
iifinal ii
electron iiacceptor iiis iian iiorganic iimolecule, iiATP iiis iisynthesized iiby iisubstrate-l ii
leve
ii
phosphorylation, iiand iiO2 iiis iinot iirequired, iithe iiprocess iiby iiwhich iisugar iiis iiturned
iiinto
ii
alcohol
ii
What iidid iiPasteur iilearn iiabout iifermentation? ii- iiHe iifound iithat iiyeast iiconverts iithe
iisugars ii
ii
into iialcohol iiin iithe iiabsence iiof
iiair
ii
What iiwas iiBuchner's iicontribution? ii- iiHe iirepeated iiPasteur's iiexperiments iiand iiused
iiyeast, ii
ii
discovered
iienzymes
ii
What iiwere iihistorically iithought iito iibe iicauses iiof iidisease? ii- iiGod's iiwrath iifor iisin, iiSatan
iiand ii
ii
evil iispirits, iifoul iivapors, iiand iiimbalance iiof
iifluids
ii
Who iideveloped iithe iigerm iitheory iiof iidisease? ii- iiLouis iiPasteur ii
ii
What iicontributions iidid iiKoch iimake iito iimicrobiology? ii- iiHe iidiscovered iithe iicause
iiof ii
ii
anthrax
ii
How iidid iihumans iibegin iito iicombat iimicroorganisms? ii- iiHandwashing,
iigeneral ii
ii
cleanliness, iisterile iisurgery, iiantibiotics, iiand
iivaccines
ii ii ii ii ii ii
ii
Answers ii
Who iiwas iithe iifirst iito iisee iimicroorganisms? iiHow? iiWhen? ii- iiAnton iiLeeuwenhoek, iiwith
iithe ii
ii
lens iihe iigrinded,
ii1674
ii
Who iideveloped iithe iigerm iitheory iiof iidisease? ii- iiPasteur ii& iiKock ii
ii
What iiare iithe iivarious iitypes iiof iimicroorganisms? ii- iiBacteria, iiEukarya, iiand iiArchaea ii
ii
What iiare iiprokaryotes iiand iieukaryotes? ii- iiProkaryotes ii- iino iinucleus iior
iiinternal ii
ii
membranes iiEukaryotes ii- iihave iinucleus iiand iiinternal
iimembranes
ii
What iiare iibacteria iiand iiarchaeans? ii- iiBacteria ii- iidomain iiof iiprokaryotic iiorganisms,
iicharacterized iiby iipeptidoglycan iicell iiwalls iiArchaeans ii- iidomain iiof iiprokaryotic iicells
iilacking iipeptidoglycan; iione iiof iithe iithree iidomains ii
ii
What iiare iiviruses, iiviroids, iiand iiprions? ii- iiViruses ii- iia iisubmicroscopic, iiparasitic,
iifilterable iiagent iiconsisting iiof iia iinucleic iiacid iisurrounded iiby iia iiprotein iicoat iiViroids ii-
iiinfectious iiRNA iiPrions ii- iian iiinfectious iiagent iiconsisting iiof iia iiself-replicating iiprotein,
iiwith iino iidetectable iinucleic iiacid ii
ii
How iiare iimicroorganisms iinamed iiand iiclassified? ii- iiBinomial iiNaming iiSystem ii
ii
What iiroles iido iimicroorganisms iiplay iiin iithe iienvironment, iifood iiproduction, iiand
iibiotechnology? ii- iiEnvironment ii- iioxygen iiproduction iivia iiphotosynthesis,
iidecomposition ii
Food iiProduction ii- iifermentation iiand iipasteurization, iibeer, iiwine, iicheese, iiyogurt,
iibread iiBiotechnology ii- iigenetic iiengineering ii
ii
What iiimpacts iihave iimicroorganisms iihad iion iihistory? ii- iiThe iiPlague, iiCortez iiConquers
iithe ii
ii
Aztecs ii(Spaniards iibrought iismallpox iiover iito iithe iinew iiworld iiand iikilled iiall iiof iithe
iiAztecs
ii
with iiinfection), iiCivil iiWar
ii(infection)
ii
When iiwas iithe ii"Golden iiAge iiof iiMicrobiology"? ii- ii1857-1914, ii50 iiyear iiperiod ii(mid
ii1800's ii
ii
to iiearly
ii1900's)
ii
, What iiquestions iidid iiscientists iiattempt iito iianswer? ii- ii1) iiDoes iilife iiarise iispontaneously?
ii2) ii
ii
What iicauses iifermentation? ii3) iiWhat iicauses iidisease? ii4) iiHow iican iidisease
iibe
ii
treated/prevented?
ii
What iiis iithe iitheory iiof iispontaneous iigeneration? ii- iiThe iiidea iithat iilife iicould iiarise iifrom
iinothing. iiThe iiidea iithat iitoads, iisnakes, iiand iimice iicould iibe iiborn iiof iimoist iisoil; iithat
iiflies iicould iiemerge iifrom iimanure; iiand iithat iimaggots iicould iiarise iifrom iidecaying
iicorpse. ii
ii
Who iicontributed iito iidisproving iispontaneous iigeneration? ii- iiRedi, iiSpallanzani,
iiand ii
ii
Pasteur
ii
What iiis iifermentation? ii- iiThe iienzymatic iidegradation iiof iicarbohydrates iiin iiwhich iithe
iifinal ii
electron iiacceptor iiis iian iiorganic iimolecule, iiATP iiis iisynthesized iiby iisubstrate-l ii
leve
ii
phosphorylation, iiand iiO2 iiis iinot iirequired, iithe iiprocess iiby iiwhich iisugar iiis iiturned
iiinto
ii
alcohol
ii
What iidid iiPasteur iilearn iiabout iifermentation? ii- iiHe iifound iithat iiyeast iiconverts iithe
iisugars ii
ii
into iialcohol iiin iithe iiabsence iiof
iiair
ii
What iiwas iiBuchner's iicontribution? ii- iiHe iirepeated iiPasteur's iiexperiments iiand iiused
iiyeast, ii
ii
discovered
iienzymes
ii
What iiwere iihistorically iithought iito iibe iicauses iiof iidisease? ii- iiGod's iiwrath iifor iisin, iiSatan
iiand ii
ii
evil iispirits, iifoul iivapors, iiand iiimbalance iiof
iifluids
ii
Who iideveloped iithe iigerm iitheory iiof iidisease? ii- iiLouis iiPasteur ii
ii
What iicontributions iidid iiKoch iimake iito iimicrobiology? ii- iiHe iidiscovered iithe iicause
iiof ii
ii
anthrax
ii
How iidid iihumans iibegin iito iicombat iimicroorganisms? ii- iiHandwashing,
iigeneral ii
ii
cleanliness, iisterile iisurgery, iiantibiotics, iiand
iivaccines
