NUR507/NUR507 MIDTERM EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025/2026 OVER 200
QUESTUONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED AND
GRADED A+
1. **What is innate immunity?**
The immunity we are born with.
2. **What are the three levels/lines of immune response
protection?**
1st line: physical, mechanical, & biochemical barriers
2nd line: the inflammatory response
3rd line: lymphocyte production (most important immune
defense)
3. **What constitutes the 1st line of defense?**
Intact skin and mucous membranes (impermeable barrier).
4. **What is PAMP?**
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern—surfaces of bacteria,
viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign
proteins.
, 5. **What does foreign mean in this context?**
Surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes covered with
foreign proteins.
6. **What is DAMP?**
Damage Associated Molecular Pattern—proteins released from
inside our cells when damaged.
7. **What does DAMP imply?**
Many proteins are released from inside cells when damaged,
indicating cellular injury.
8. **What are PRRs?**
Pattern Recognition Receptors—surfaces of WBCs contain these
receptors to interact with PAMPs or DAMPs.
9. **What is chemotaxis?**
Cell movement in response to a chemical stimulus.
10. **What is phagocytosis?**
“Cell eating”—the process where WBCs adhere, engulf, and
digest pathogens or debris through opsonization, ingestion,
fusion, destruction, and egestion.
11. **What is Hypersensitivity Type 1?**
An allergic reaction mediated by IgE.
, 12. **What triggers Hypersensitivity Type 1?**
Mast cell degranulation causing inflammation.
13. **What are the local symptoms of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Itching, rash.
14. **What are systemic symptoms of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Wheezing.
15. **What is the most dangerous form of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Anaphylactic reaction—systemic response causing hypotension
and severe bronchoconstriction.
16. **What is the main treatment for Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Epinephrine.
17. **What is Hypersensitivity Type 2?**
Cytotoxic reaction; tissue-specific (e.g., thyroid tissue),
involving hapten-mediated IgE or IgM.
, 18. **Which cells are primarily involved in Type 2
hypersensitivity?**
Macrophages.
19. **What damage can Type 2 hypersensitivity cause?**
Tissue damage or altered function.
20. **Give an example of altered function in Type 2
hypersensitivity.**
Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism).
21. **Give an example of tissue damage in Type 2
hypersensitivity.**
Incompatible blood transfusion reactions leading to destruction
of transfused erythrocytes.
22. **What characterizes Hypersensitivity Type 3?**
Not organ-specific; immune complex-mediated reactions where
antibody binds to soluble antigens, depositing complexes in
tissues.
23. **Examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity?**
Rheumatoid arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
24. **What is the scope of damage in SLE?**
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2025/2026 OVER 200
QUESTUONS AND ANSWERS UPDATED AND
GRADED A+
1. **What is innate immunity?**
The immunity we are born with.
2. **What are the three levels/lines of immune response
protection?**
1st line: physical, mechanical, & biochemical barriers
2nd line: the inflammatory response
3rd line: lymphocyte production (most important immune
defense)
3. **What constitutes the 1st line of defense?**
Intact skin and mucous membranes (impermeable barrier).
4. **What is PAMP?**
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern—surfaces of bacteria,
viruses, and other microbes are covered with many foreign
proteins.
, 5. **What does foreign mean in this context?**
Surfaces of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes covered with
foreign proteins.
6. **What is DAMP?**
Damage Associated Molecular Pattern—proteins released from
inside our cells when damaged.
7. **What does DAMP imply?**
Many proteins are released from inside cells when damaged,
indicating cellular injury.
8. **What are PRRs?**
Pattern Recognition Receptors—surfaces of WBCs contain these
receptors to interact with PAMPs or DAMPs.
9. **What is chemotaxis?**
Cell movement in response to a chemical stimulus.
10. **What is phagocytosis?**
“Cell eating”—the process where WBCs adhere, engulf, and
digest pathogens or debris through opsonization, ingestion,
fusion, destruction, and egestion.
11. **What is Hypersensitivity Type 1?**
An allergic reaction mediated by IgE.
, 12. **What triggers Hypersensitivity Type 1?**
Mast cell degranulation causing inflammation.
13. **What are the local symptoms of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Itching, rash.
14. **What are systemic symptoms of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Wheezing.
15. **What is the most dangerous form of Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Anaphylactic reaction—systemic response causing hypotension
and severe bronchoconstriction.
16. **What is the main treatment for Type 1
hypersensitivity?**
Epinephrine.
17. **What is Hypersensitivity Type 2?**
Cytotoxic reaction; tissue-specific (e.g., thyroid tissue),
involving hapten-mediated IgE or IgM.
, 18. **Which cells are primarily involved in Type 2
hypersensitivity?**
Macrophages.
19. **What damage can Type 2 hypersensitivity cause?**
Tissue damage or altered function.
20. **Give an example of altered function in Type 2
hypersensitivity.**
Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism).
21. **Give an example of tissue damage in Type 2
hypersensitivity.**
Incompatible blood transfusion reactions leading to destruction
of transfused erythrocytes.
22. **What characterizes Hypersensitivity Type 3?**
Not organ-specific; immune complex-mediated reactions where
antibody binds to soluble antigens, depositing complexes in
tissues.
23. **Examples of Type 3 hypersensitivity?**
Rheumatoid arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
24. **What is the scope of damage in SLE?**
