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RELIAS ASSESSMENTS ASSISTANCE MATERIAL DRYSHYTHMIAS
EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Atrial rhythm regular
Ventricular rhythm regular and rate slower than atrial rate
No relation between P waves and QRS complexes
NO constant PR interval
QRS interval normal or wide and bizarre
Manifestations include: hypotension, angina and heart failure. This may be caused
by congenital abnormalities, rheumatic fever, hypoxia, MI, LEv's disease, Lenegre's
disease and digoxin toxicity. Management includes atropine, epinephrine, and
dopamine for bradycardia. Installation of pacemaker may also be considered.
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
Early or premature ventricular contractions are caused by increased automaticity
of ventricular muscle cells. PVCs usually are not considered harmful but are of
concern if more than six occur in 1 minute, if they occur in pairs or triplets if they
are multifocal or if they occur or near a T wave.
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute that originated
from the sinus node.
Rate: 100 to 180 beats per minute
P Waves precede each QRS complex
PR interval is normal
QRS complex is normal
, 2
Conduction is normal
Rhythm is regular
Causes of sinus tachycardia may include exercise, anxiety, fever, drugs, anemia,
heart failure, hypovolemia and shock. Sinus tachycardia is often asymptomatic.
Management however is directed at the treatment of the primary cause. Carotid
sinus pressure (carotid massage) or a beta blocker may be used to reduce heart
rate.
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia is a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute and originates from
the sinus node (as the term "sinus" refers to sinoatrial node). It has the following
characteristics
Rate is less than 60 beats per minute
P Waves precede each QRS complex
PR interval is normal
QRS complex is normal
Conduction is normal
Rhythm is regular
Causes may include drugs, vagal stimulation, hypoendocrine states, hypothermia,
or sinus node involvement in MI. This arrhythmia may be normal in athletes as
they have quality stroke volume. It is often asymptomatic but manifestations may
include: syncope, fatigue, dizziness. Management includes treating the underlying
cause and administering anticholinergic drugs like atropine sulfate as prescribed.
Premature Atrial Contraction
Premature Atrial Contraction are ectopic beats that originates from the atria and
they are not rhythms. Cells in the heart starts to fire or go off before the normal
heartbeat is supposed to occur. These are called heart palpitations and has the
following characteristics:
RELIAS ASSESSMENTS ASSISTANCE MATERIAL DRYSHYTHMIAS
EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Atrial rhythm regular
Ventricular rhythm regular and rate slower than atrial rate
No relation between P waves and QRS complexes
NO constant PR interval
QRS interval normal or wide and bizarre
Manifestations include: hypotension, angina and heart failure. This may be caused
by congenital abnormalities, rheumatic fever, hypoxia, MI, LEv's disease, Lenegre's
disease and digoxin toxicity. Management includes atropine, epinephrine, and
dopamine for bradycardia. Installation of pacemaker may also be considered.
Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
Early or premature ventricular contractions are caused by increased automaticity
of ventricular muscle cells. PVCs usually are not considered harmful but are of
concern if more than six occur in 1 minute, if they occur in pairs or triplets if they
are multifocal or if they occur or near a T wave.
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia is a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute that originated
from the sinus node.
Rate: 100 to 180 beats per minute
P Waves precede each QRS complex
PR interval is normal
QRS complex is normal
, 2
Conduction is normal
Rhythm is regular
Causes of sinus tachycardia may include exercise, anxiety, fever, drugs, anemia,
heart failure, hypovolemia and shock. Sinus tachycardia is often asymptomatic.
Management however is directed at the treatment of the primary cause. Carotid
sinus pressure (carotid massage) or a beta blocker may be used to reduce heart
rate.
Sinus Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia is a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute and originates from
the sinus node (as the term "sinus" refers to sinoatrial node). It has the following
characteristics
Rate is less than 60 beats per minute
P Waves precede each QRS complex
PR interval is normal
QRS complex is normal
Conduction is normal
Rhythm is regular
Causes may include drugs, vagal stimulation, hypoendocrine states, hypothermia,
or sinus node involvement in MI. This arrhythmia may be normal in athletes as
they have quality stroke volume. It is often asymptomatic but manifestations may
include: syncope, fatigue, dizziness. Management includes treating the underlying
cause and administering anticholinergic drugs like atropine sulfate as prescribed.
Premature Atrial Contraction
Premature Atrial Contraction are ectopic beats that originates from the atria and
they are not rhythms. Cells in the heart starts to fire or go off before the normal
heartbeat is supposed to occur. These are called heart palpitations and has the
following characteristics:
