,TESTBANK for Discovering Psychology The Science
of Mind , 4th Edition John T. Caciopp
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
1. Psychology developed from which two disciplines?
a. philosophy and neuroscience
b. philosophy and natural sciences
c. biology and neuroscience
d. philosophy and behaviorism
ANSWER: b
2. What is another way to say that you are observing your own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
a. psychological report
b. introspection
c. mental inventory
d. objective psychology
ANSWER: b
3. Which of the following techniques would an 18th century philosopher use to study memory?
a. by measuring reaction times of subjects who were asked to recall past events
b. by reporting on his own subjective experiences while remembering events
c. by using mathematical models
d. by collecting reports of dreams from many individuals
ANSWER: b
4. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and
a. introspection.
b. beliefs.
c. emotion.
d. brain functions.
ANSWER: d
5. Which factor of the mind was a shared belief that was emphasized amongst ancient Greek philosophers and British
empiricists?
a. cultural memory
b. dreams
c. experience
d. genetics
ANSWER: c
6. An empiricist philosopher who believed the mind was a "blank slate" would most likely believe what about mental
illnesses?
a. that they were the result of negative experiences during childhood
b. that they were due to genetics
c. that they could be cured by psychotherapy
d. that they were the result of both genetics and experience
ANSWER: a
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
7. Helmholtz studied how quickly people can feel touches on different parts of their body; Fechner studied the limits of
human hearing. What is the critical distinction between these studies?
a. Fechner's study focused on mental, not just physical, processes.
b. Fechner's study was introspective, Helmholtz's was not.
c. Helmholtz's study was introspective, Fechner's was not.
d. Helmholtz's study was more objective than Fechner's.
ANSWER: a
8. After conducting an experiment on reaction time, Helmholtz argued that it took longer for participants to feel sensation
on their toes because the toes are further from the brain than the thighs are. This conclusion supports which principle of
psychology?
a. that the brain is the seat of the mind
b. that nerve conduction speed is linear
c. that the nervous system is not limited to the brain
d. that introspection is a subjective method for psychological study
ANSWER: a
9. Which of the following BEST describes the critical difference between introspection and measurements of reaction
time in psychological study?
a. Introspection is a less objective measure than reaction times.
b. Introspection is commonly used by empiricists, and reaction times are more commonly used by physiologists.
c. Introspection is a newer technique than measures of reaction time.
d. Measures of reaction time are more prone to bias than is introspection.
ANSWER: a
10. Herman von Helmhotz’s studies of reaction time are important to the field of psychology. Which of the following
BEST describes why they are important?
a. They demonstrated that mental processes can be studied scientifically.
b. They demonstrated the benefits of introspection to psychological study.
c. They proved the necessity of reaction times in cognition.
d. They demonstrated the link between brain and mind.
ANSWER: a
11. Wundt and Titchener viewed the mind as a hierarchy, with overall perception arising out of the combination of many
other sensations. This view is known as
a. philosophical psychology.
b. physiological psychology.
c. Gestalt psychology.
d. structuralism.
ANSWER: d
12. Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes the idea that one whole experience is different from the
breakdown of that experience?
a. philosophical psychology
b. Gestalt psychology
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
c. structuralism
d. functionalism
ANSWER: b
13. You conduct a study on taste perception. Which of the following results would present a challenge to a structuralism
approach to psychology?
a. A food tastes the same no matter what context it is eaten in.
b. A food tastes sweeter after eating salty food, and saltier after eating sweet food.
c. Taste perception is shown to have an evolutionary role.
d. Taste perception is shown to result from the combination of many individual taste sensations.
ANSWER: b
14. How would a psychologist using the structuralism approach MOST likely study memory?
a. by identifying the survival benefits of memory
b. by testing whether memory for some stimulus was the same in different situations
c. by trying to identify the smaller mental processes that make up "remembering" a stimulus
d. by testing individuals with memory problems
ANSWER: c
15. If a psychologist believes that the "whole" of perception matters more than the parts, they are a
a. structuralist.
b. physiological psychologist.
c. Gestalt psychologist.
d. cognitive psychologist.
ANSWER: c
16. The approach to psychology that focuses on the purpose of behavior is known as
a. functionalism.
b. structuralism.
c. cognitive psychology.
d. Gestalt psychology.
ANSWER: a
17. You read about an early 20th-century psychologist who studied why visual illusions occur, and what purpose they
serve in survival. This psychologist was most likely a
a. structuralist.
b. functionalist.
c. humanistic psychologist.
d. Gestalt psychologist.
ANSWER: b
18. Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between structuralism and functionalism approaches to
psychology?
a. Structuralism focuses on the "how" of behavior, and functionalism focuses more on the "why" of behavior.
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
b. Structuralism is focused on how the whole mind works in unison, whereas functionalism breaks down the
mind into smaller components.
c. Structuralism largely replaced functionalism as psychology progressed as a science.
d. Functionalist approaches largely ignore evolutionary constraints, whereas structuralist approaches factor in
evolution.
ANSWER: a
19. Functionalism is an important piece to understanding the history of psychology because
a. all contemporary psychologists are functionalists at heart.
b. opposition to functionalism led to the development of structuralism.
c. opposition to functionalism led to the development of Gestalt psychology
d. functionalism was the first school of psychology.
ANSWER: a
20. A researcher who believes differences in brain structure cause mental disorders is following which model of abnormal
psychology?
a. supernatural model
b. medical model
c. psychological model
d. Gestalt model
ANSWER: b
21. What are the two dominant models by which modern psychologists view psychological disorders?
a. medical model and psychological model
b. psychological model and supernatural model
c. psychological model and structural model
d. structural model and functional model
ANSWER: a
22. How would a psychologist who follows the psychological model be most likely to explain the development of an
anxiety disorder?
a. Anxiety disorders develop due to heredity.
b. Anxiety disorders develop due to differences in brain structure.
c. Anxiety disorders develop due to life experiences such as abuse.
d. Anxiety disorders develop secondary to other disorders.
ANSWER: c
23. Some psychological disorder has a heritability of 0.5. It is also more common in people who experience abuse or
malnutrition as children. What do these two findings imply about the medical and psychological models of psychological
disorder?
a. that neither model is entirely correct
b. that the medical model is correct, and the psychological model is incorrect
c. that in certain cases the psychological model is correct, but in other cases the medical model is correct
d. that the medical model is only valid in cases where heritability is high
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
24. The psychological model and the medical model are two views of psychological disorders. What is the best
description of how these models are used in current practice?
a. Most modern psychologists consider both models, depending on the context.
b. Most modern psychologists prefer the psychological model.
c. Most modern psychologists prefer the medical model.
d. Both models have been replaced
ANSWER: a
25. Which of the following is a common critique of Freud?
a. He conducted faulty experiments to verify his theories.
b. He did not treat mental disorders.
c. He ignored the role of the unconscious mind.
d. His methods were not scientific.
ANSWER: d
26. Freud’s approach to psychology emphasizes
a. the impact of early life experiences and the unconscious mind on behavior.
b. the relative unimportance of the unconscious mind.
c. the use of tests of reaction time.
d. Gestalt psychology
ANSWER: a
27. The notion that "there are no bad people, only bad societies" is closely tied to which approach to psychology?
a. Freudian psychology
b. humanistic psychology
c. client-centered psychology
d. cognitive psychology
ANSWER: b
28. How would a humanistic psychologist explain why a person would commit a crime?
a. that criminal behavior has a genetic/hereditary component
b. that criminal behavior is due to differences in brain structure
c. that criminal behavior is an innate aspect of humans
d. the person was influenced by negative societal pressures
ANSWER: d
29. How would Freud have explained why a person commits a crime?
a. that criminal behavior has a genetic/hereditary component
b. that criminal behavior is due to differences in brain structure
c. that criminal behavior is an innate aspect of humans which must be controlled by society
d. the person was influenced by negative societal pressures
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
30. Humanistic psychology is a school of thought in which
a. people are viewed as inherently good.
b. human behavior is seen on a continuum with animal behavior.
c. Freud laid down the critical principles.
d. structuralism is more important than functionalism.
ANSWER: a
31. Which of the following therapy approaches is classified as following humanistic psychology?
a. client-centered therapy
b. Freudian psychoanalysis
c. cognitive therapy
d. structuralist therapy
ANSWER: a
32. Your friend visits a therapist who encourages them to participate actively in their therapy sessions and focus on things
that are going right in their lives. This therapist is most likely engaging in
a. Freudian psychoanalysis.
b. traditional Gestalt therapy.
c. client-centered therapy.
d. functionalist therapy.
ANSWER: c
33. Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who broke from Freud's approach by
a. using longer psychoanalysis sessions.
b. focusing on what is good, rather than what goes wrong in people's lives.
c. taking a structuralist approach.
d. taking a functionalist approach.
ANSWER: b
34. The defining feature of behaviorism in psychology is
a. a focus on observable behavior, rather than internal mental states.
b. tying behavior to brain function.
c. using therapy to change behavior.
d. Pavlovian conditioning.
ANSWER: a
35. Based on your understanding of behaviorism, how would a modern behaviorist be most likely to study memory?
a. by studying a group of patients with memory disorders
b. by asking participants to introspect during a memorization task
c. by measuring brain activity during a memorization task
d. by measuring accuracy and reaction time in a memorization task
ANSWER: d
36. Which of the following explains why behaviorists performed research on animals?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
a. Evolutionary theory suggests parallels between human and animal behavior.
b. It would be unethical to perform behavioral studies on humans.
c. Animal brain structures are mostly similar to human brain structures.
d. They believed uniquely human aspects of cognition could not be studied.
ANSWER: a
37. You read about an experimenter who studied the salivation response of dogs to items associated with food. Which
approach to psychology does this experiment fall under?
a. behaviorism
b. functionalism
c. humanism
d. Gestalt psychology
ANSWER: a
38. Ivan Pavlov found that dogs would salivate when they heard a bell signaling that food would soon arrive. This was an
example of
a. classical conditioning.
b. behaviorism.
c. structuralism.
d. Gestalt learning.
ANSWER: a
39. Which of the following is likely an example of classical conditioning?
a. You memorize your friend’s phone number.
b. You go skydiving for the first time, and feel intense fear just before jumping.
c. Your dog salivates when you are pouring food in the bowl.
d. You feel hungry whenever you drive past your favorite restaurant.
ANSWER: d
40. Pavlov and Watson were behaviorists who followed different avenues of research. The common thread between them
was
a. a basis in humanistic psychology.
b. a basis in cognitive psychology.
c. the link between environmental cues and behavior.
d. using the law of effect to explain behavior.
ANSWER: c
41. Thorndike studied how behaviors followed by positive outcomes become more common over time. He called this
finding
a. the law of effect.
b. behaviorism.
c. structural learning.
d. learning by consequence.
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
42. horndike studied how cats can become progressively faster escaping a locked box; Pavlov studied how dogs associate
a bell sound with upcoming food. What is the crucial difference between these two avenues of research?
a. Thorndike focused on consequences of behavior, and Pavlov focused on environmental cues
b. Thorndike was a structuralist, and Pavlov was a behaviorist.
c. Thorndike was studying behavior not also seen in humans.
d. Thorndike was studying classical conditioning, and Pavlov was studying cognitive learning.
ANSWER: a
43. As a behaviorist, Skinner did not theorize about internal mental states because
a. he did not believe they existed.
b. he did not believe mental states could be objectively studied.
c. rats and pigeons do not have human-like internal mental states.
d. he did not believe that the technology of his time was precise enough to study internal mental states.
ANSWER: b
44. The textbook mentions that Skinner's work on behaviorism is used to help smokers quit. Given what you know about
Skinner and behaviorism, which approach to quitting smoking best fits Skinner’s model of behaviorism?
a. using pharmaceuticals like nicotine gum
b. using psychotherapy
c. introducing rewards to encourage different behavior.
d. using introspective techniques to change behavior
ANSWER: c
45. The field of psychology that studies internal mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving is
a. behavioral psychology.
b. cognitive psychology.
c. Freudian psychology.
d. intelligence studies.
ANSWER: b
46. How do behaviorism and cognitive psychology differ?
a. Behaviorism studies internal mental states; cognitive psychology does not.
b. Cognitive psychology studies and theorizes on internal mental states; behaviorism does not.
c. Cognitive psychology focuses on brain structures; behaviorism does not.
d. Behaviorism focuses on brain structures; cognitive psychology does not.
ANSWER: b
47. How do cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience differ?
a. Cognitive neuroscience focuses more on brain structures and function than cognitive psychology.
b. They do not differ; cognitive neuroscience is just a more modern term for cognitive psychology.
c. Cognitive neuroscience is based on behaviorism.
d. Cognitive neuroscience depends on Freudian principles.
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
of Mind , 4th Edition John T. Caciopp
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
1. Psychology developed from which two disciplines?
a. philosophy and neuroscience
b. philosophy and natural sciences
c. biology and neuroscience
d. philosophy and behaviorism
ANSWER: b
2. What is another way to say that you are observing your own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
a. psychological report
b. introspection
c. mental inventory
d. objective psychology
ANSWER: b
3. Which of the following techniques would an 18th century philosopher use to study memory?
a. by measuring reaction times of subjects who were asked to recall past events
b. by reporting on his own subjective experiences while remembering events
c. by using mathematical models
d. by collecting reports of dreams from many individuals
ANSWER: b
4. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior, mental processes, and
a. introspection.
b. beliefs.
c. emotion.
d. brain functions.
ANSWER: d
5. Which factor of the mind was a shared belief that was emphasized amongst ancient Greek philosophers and British
empiricists?
a. cultural memory
b. dreams
c. experience
d. genetics
ANSWER: c
6. An empiricist philosopher who believed the mind was a "blank slate" would most likely believe what about mental
illnesses?
a. that they were the result of negative experiences during childhood
b. that they were due to genetics
c. that they could be cured by psychotherapy
d. that they were the result of both genetics and experience
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
7. Helmholtz studied how quickly people can feel touches on different parts of their body; Fechner studied the limits of
human hearing. What is the critical distinction between these studies?
a. Fechner's study focused on mental, not just physical, processes.
b. Fechner's study was introspective, Helmholtz's was not.
c. Helmholtz's study was introspective, Fechner's was not.
d. Helmholtz's study was more objective than Fechner's.
ANSWER: a
8. After conducting an experiment on reaction time, Helmholtz argued that it took longer for participants to feel sensation
on their toes because the toes are further from the brain than the thighs are. This conclusion supports which principle of
psychology?
a. that the brain is the seat of the mind
b. that nerve conduction speed is linear
c. that the nervous system is not limited to the brain
d. that introspection is a subjective method for psychological study
ANSWER: a
9. Which of the following BEST describes the critical difference between introspection and measurements of reaction
time in psychological study?
a. Introspection is a less objective measure than reaction times.
b. Introspection is commonly used by empiricists, and reaction times are more commonly used by physiologists.
c. Introspection is a newer technique than measures of reaction time.
d. Measures of reaction time are more prone to bias than is introspection.
ANSWER: a
10. Herman von Helmhotz’s studies of reaction time are important to the field of psychology. Which of the following
BEST describes why they are important?
a. They demonstrated that mental processes can be studied scientifically.
b. They demonstrated the benefits of introspection to psychological study.
c. They proved the necessity of reaction times in cognition.
d. They demonstrated the link between brain and mind.
ANSWER: a
11. Wundt and Titchener viewed the mind as a hierarchy, with overall perception arising out of the combination of many
other sensations. This view is known as
a. philosophical psychology.
b. physiological psychology.
c. Gestalt psychology.
d. structuralism.
ANSWER: d
12. Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes the idea that one whole experience is different from the
breakdown of that experience?
a. philosophical psychology
b. Gestalt psychology
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
c. structuralism
d. functionalism
ANSWER: b
13. You conduct a study on taste perception. Which of the following results would present a challenge to a structuralism
approach to psychology?
a. A food tastes the same no matter what context it is eaten in.
b. A food tastes sweeter after eating salty food, and saltier after eating sweet food.
c. Taste perception is shown to have an evolutionary role.
d. Taste perception is shown to result from the combination of many individual taste sensations.
ANSWER: b
14. How would a psychologist using the structuralism approach MOST likely study memory?
a. by identifying the survival benefits of memory
b. by testing whether memory for some stimulus was the same in different situations
c. by trying to identify the smaller mental processes that make up "remembering" a stimulus
d. by testing individuals with memory problems
ANSWER: c
15. If a psychologist believes that the "whole" of perception matters more than the parts, they are a
a. structuralist.
b. physiological psychologist.
c. Gestalt psychologist.
d. cognitive psychologist.
ANSWER: c
16. The approach to psychology that focuses on the purpose of behavior is known as
a. functionalism.
b. structuralism.
c. cognitive psychology.
d. Gestalt psychology.
ANSWER: a
17. You read about an early 20th-century psychologist who studied why visual illusions occur, and what purpose they
serve in survival. This psychologist was most likely a
a. structuralist.
b. functionalist.
c. humanistic psychologist.
d. Gestalt psychologist.
ANSWER: b
18. Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between structuralism and functionalism approaches to
psychology?
a. Structuralism focuses on the "how" of behavior, and functionalism focuses more on the "why" of behavior.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
b. Structuralism is focused on how the whole mind works in unison, whereas functionalism breaks down the
mind into smaller components.
c. Structuralism largely replaced functionalism as psychology progressed as a science.
d. Functionalist approaches largely ignore evolutionary constraints, whereas structuralist approaches factor in
evolution.
ANSWER: a
19. Functionalism is an important piece to understanding the history of psychology because
a. all contemporary psychologists are functionalists at heart.
b. opposition to functionalism led to the development of structuralism.
c. opposition to functionalism led to the development of Gestalt psychology
d. functionalism was the first school of psychology.
ANSWER: a
20. A researcher who believes differences in brain structure cause mental disorders is following which model of abnormal
psychology?
a. supernatural model
b. medical model
c. psychological model
d. Gestalt model
ANSWER: b
21. What are the two dominant models by which modern psychologists view psychological disorders?
a. medical model and psychological model
b. psychological model and supernatural model
c. psychological model and structural model
d. structural model and functional model
ANSWER: a
22. How would a psychologist who follows the psychological model be most likely to explain the development of an
anxiety disorder?
a. Anxiety disorders develop due to heredity.
b. Anxiety disorders develop due to differences in brain structure.
c. Anxiety disorders develop due to life experiences such as abuse.
d. Anxiety disorders develop secondary to other disorders.
ANSWER: c
23. Some psychological disorder has a heritability of 0.5. It is also more common in people who experience abuse or
malnutrition as children. What do these two findings imply about the medical and psychological models of psychological
disorder?
a. that neither model is entirely correct
b. that the medical model is correct, and the psychological model is incorrect
c. that in certain cases the psychological model is correct, but in other cases the medical model is correct
d. that the medical model is only valid in cases where heritability is high
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
24. The psychological model and the medical model are two views of psychological disorders. What is the best
description of how these models are used in current practice?
a. Most modern psychologists consider both models, depending on the context.
b. Most modern psychologists prefer the psychological model.
c. Most modern psychologists prefer the medical model.
d. Both models have been replaced
ANSWER: a
25. Which of the following is a common critique of Freud?
a. He conducted faulty experiments to verify his theories.
b. He did not treat mental disorders.
c. He ignored the role of the unconscious mind.
d. His methods were not scientific.
ANSWER: d
26. Freud’s approach to psychology emphasizes
a. the impact of early life experiences and the unconscious mind on behavior.
b. the relative unimportance of the unconscious mind.
c. the use of tests of reaction time.
d. Gestalt psychology
ANSWER: a
27. The notion that "there are no bad people, only bad societies" is closely tied to which approach to psychology?
a. Freudian psychology
b. humanistic psychology
c. client-centered psychology
d. cognitive psychology
ANSWER: b
28. How would a humanistic psychologist explain why a person would commit a crime?
a. that criminal behavior has a genetic/hereditary component
b. that criminal behavior is due to differences in brain structure
c. that criminal behavior is an innate aspect of humans
d. the person was influenced by negative societal pressures
ANSWER: d
29. How would Freud have explained why a person commits a crime?
a. that criminal behavior has a genetic/hereditary component
b. that criminal behavior is due to differences in brain structure
c. that criminal behavior is an innate aspect of humans which must be controlled by society
d. the person was influenced by negative societal pressures
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
30. Humanistic psychology is a school of thought in which
a. people are viewed as inherently good.
b. human behavior is seen on a continuum with animal behavior.
c. Freud laid down the critical principles.
d. structuralism is more important than functionalism.
ANSWER: a
31. Which of the following therapy approaches is classified as following humanistic psychology?
a. client-centered therapy
b. Freudian psychoanalysis
c. cognitive therapy
d. structuralist therapy
ANSWER: a
32. Your friend visits a therapist who encourages them to participate actively in their therapy sessions and focus on things
that are going right in their lives. This therapist is most likely engaging in
a. Freudian psychoanalysis.
b. traditional Gestalt therapy.
c. client-centered therapy.
d. functionalist therapy.
ANSWER: c
33. Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who broke from Freud's approach by
a. using longer psychoanalysis sessions.
b. focusing on what is good, rather than what goes wrong in people's lives.
c. taking a structuralist approach.
d. taking a functionalist approach.
ANSWER: b
34. The defining feature of behaviorism in psychology is
a. a focus on observable behavior, rather than internal mental states.
b. tying behavior to brain function.
c. using therapy to change behavior.
d. Pavlovian conditioning.
ANSWER: a
35. Based on your understanding of behaviorism, how would a modern behaviorist be most likely to study memory?
a. by studying a group of patients with memory disorders
b. by asking participants to introspect during a memorization task
c. by measuring brain activity during a memorization task
d. by measuring accuracy and reaction time in a memorization task
ANSWER: d
36. Which of the following explains why behaviorists performed research on animals?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
a. Evolutionary theory suggests parallels between human and animal behavior.
b. It would be unethical to perform behavioral studies on humans.
c. Animal brain structures are mostly similar to human brain structures.
d. They believed uniquely human aspects of cognition could not be studied.
ANSWER: a
37. You read about an experimenter who studied the salivation response of dogs to items associated with food. Which
approach to psychology does this experiment fall under?
a. behaviorism
b. functionalism
c. humanism
d. Gestalt psychology
ANSWER: a
38. Ivan Pavlov found that dogs would salivate when they heard a bell signaling that food would soon arrive. This was an
example of
a. classical conditioning.
b. behaviorism.
c. structuralism.
d. Gestalt learning.
ANSWER: a
39. Which of the following is likely an example of classical conditioning?
a. You memorize your friend’s phone number.
b. You go skydiving for the first time, and feel intense fear just before jumping.
c. Your dog salivates when you are pouring food in the bowl.
d. You feel hungry whenever you drive past your favorite restaurant.
ANSWER: d
40. Pavlov and Watson were behaviorists who followed different avenues of research. The common thread between them
was
a. a basis in humanistic psychology.
b. a basis in cognitive psychology.
c. the link between environmental cues and behavior.
d. using the law of effect to explain behavior.
ANSWER: c
41. Thorndike studied how behaviors followed by positive outcomes become more common over time. He called this
finding
a. the law of effect.
b. behaviorism.
c. structural learning.
d. learning by consequence.
ANSWER: a
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - The Science of Mind (The Discipline of Psychology)
42. horndike studied how cats can become progressively faster escaping a locked box; Pavlov studied how dogs associate
a bell sound with upcoming food. What is the crucial difference between these two avenues of research?
a. Thorndike focused on consequences of behavior, and Pavlov focused on environmental cues
b. Thorndike was a structuralist, and Pavlov was a behaviorist.
c. Thorndike was studying behavior not also seen in humans.
d. Thorndike was studying classical conditioning, and Pavlov was studying cognitive learning.
ANSWER: a
43. As a behaviorist, Skinner did not theorize about internal mental states because
a. he did not believe they existed.
b. he did not believe mental states could be objectively studied.
c. rats and pigeons do not have human-like internal mental states.
d. he did not believe that the technology of his time was precise enough to study internal mental states.
ANSWER: b
44. The textbook mentions that Skinner's work on behaviorism is used to help smokers quit. Given what you know about
Skinner and behaviorism, which approach to quitting smoking best fits Skinner’s model of behaviorism?
a. using pharmaceuticals like nicotine gum
b. using psychotherapy
c. introducing rewards to encourage different behavior.
d. using introspective techniques to change behavior
ANSWER: c
45. The field of psychology that studies internal mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving is
a. behavioral psychology.
b. cognitive psychology.
c. Freudian psychology.
d. intelligence studies.
ANSWER: b
46. How do behaviorism and cognitive psychology differ?
a. Behaviorism studies internal mental states; cognitive psychology does not.
b. Cognitive psychology studies and theorizes on internal mental states; behaviorism does not.
c. Cognitive psychology focuses on brain structures; behaviorism does not.
d. Behaviorism focuses on brain structures; cognitive psychology does not.
ANSWER: b
47. How do cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience differ?
a. Cognitive neuroscience focuses more on brain structures and function than cognitive psychology.
b. They do not differ; cognitive neuroscience is just a more modern term for cognitive psychology.
c. Cognitive neuroscience is based on behaviorism.
d. Cognitive neuroscience depends on Freudian principles.
ANSWER: a
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