SUBJECT:
Introduction To
Dental Drugs and
Dental Surgery
,1. Define sterilization.Write down the principal,advantage and disadvantage autoclave?
Definition: Sterilization is the process by which all viable microorganism including their spore are killed or
eliminated.
Principal of autoclave: Steaming at a higher than 100°c, here temperature of boiling upon the surrounding
atmospheric pressure. A higher temperature of steaming is obtained by employing a higher pressure. When
the autoclave is closed and made air tight then water starts boiling .The inside pressure increase and now
the water boils above 100°c. At 15 Ib/sq. inch pressure 1210c temperature is obtained and it is kept for 15-30
minutes for sterilization.
Advantage:
1. Efficient method to destroy micro organisms.
2. Cheap cost, so econimal to use.
3.Microbicidal, sporicidal, nontoxic
4. Prevant growth of undesirable bacteria.
5. Easy and safe to use.
Disadvantage:
1. This method damages many plastics, electronics,fibre optics and biological materials. So, check for the
instructions on the material regarding the sterilization.
2. Careful monitoring is required for measurement of water level, temperature and pressure.
3. Skilled personnel required to handle the autoclave.
4. High chances of accidents.
5. Chances of skin burning.
2. Define NSAID and classify it?Name five drugs used in pain management?
Definition: Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs is a class of analgesic medication that reduces pain,fever
and inflammation.
Classification:
A.) Non Selective COX Inhibitors
1.) Salicylates e.g.- Aspirin
2.) Propionic acid derivative e.g.- Ibuprofen, naproxen
3.) Anthranilic acid derivative e.g.- Mephenamic acid
4.) Aryl acetic acid derivative e.g.- Diclofenac
5.) Oxicam derivative e.g.- Piroxicam
6.) Pyrrole-pyrrole derivative e.g.- Ketorolac
7.) Indole derivative e.g.- Indomethacin
B.) Preferential COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Nimesulide
C.) Selective COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Celecoxib
D.) Analgesic-Antipyretics with poor anti-inflammatory action e.g.- Paracetamol,Metamizol
3. Define shock? CF of haemorrhagic shock?
Definition:Shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition in which the body's vital organs and
tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to a disruption in blood flow.
CF: 1.Hypotension
2.Tachycardia
3.Cold,Clammy skin
4.Rapid,shallow respiration
5.Confusion,irritability,drowsiness
6.Oliguria
7.Reduced central nervous pressure
8.Multi-organ failure
9.Decreased urine output
10.Sweating
11.Thirst
, 6. Malaria
7.Leukemia
8.Mononucleosis
9.Kalazar
10.Candidiasis
11.Christmas disease
5. Write down the difference between antiseptic and disinfectant?
Criteria Antiseptics Disinfectants
Used on living tissues (skin, mucous Used on inanimate objects, surfaces, or
Purpose membranes) equipment
Application Applied topically or used for wound cleaning Applied via sprays, wipes, or immersion
Microbial Action Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms Kill or reduce the number of microorganisms
Concentration Lower concentration than disinfectants Higher concentration than antiseptics
Generally safe for use on skin and mucous
Safety membranes Can be toxic if ingested or used improperly
May require longer contact time for
Time of Action Relatively shorter contact time required effectiveness
Examples Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide Quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach
6. Define X-Ray.classify X ray?Write down the hazard of x-ray?
Definition: Dental X-ray is an imaging technique using X-ray radiation to capture detailed images of the teeth
and surrounding oral structures. It assists dentists in diagnosing dental conditions such as cavities, root
problems, and bone health, aiding in treatment planning and dental care.
Hazard: 1. Radiation exposure risks.
2. Concerns for pregnant women.
3. Allergic reactions are possible.
4. Misinterpretation or misdiagnosis risks.
5. Overexposure and unnecessary use.
6. Thyroid gland vulnerability.
7. Oral tissue sensitivity.
8. DNA and genetic damage.
9. Long-term cumulative effects.
10. Environmental waste impact.
7. Define pericoronitis?Write the cause and management of it?
Definition: Pericoronitis is the inflammation and infection of the gum tissue around an incompletely erupted
tooth, usually a wisdom tooth, leading to pain, swelling, and discomfort in the affected area.
Cause: 1. Partial tooth eruption
2. Poor oral hygiene
3. Impacted tooth
4. Trauma or injury
5. Food impaction
6. Gum disease
7. Bacterial infection
8. Crowded teeth
9. Genetic factors
10. Weak immune system
Management:
1. Food debris should be removed from under the gum flap by irrigation.
2. Give advice about good oral hygiene and the cleaning of the affected area.
3. Recommend warm saline water rinses to reduce inflammation.
4. Prescribe appropriate pain medication for relief.
5. Administer antibiotics if the infection is present or spreading.
6. Consider tooth extraction in severe or recurring cases after radiography.
7. Schedule follow-up visits to monitor progress.
8. Write down the cause and management of dry socket?
Introduction To
Dental Drugs and
Dental Surgery
,1. Define sterilization.Write down the principal,advantage and disadvantage autoclave?
Definition: Sterilization is the process by which all viable microorganism including their spore are killed or
eliminated.
Principal of autoclave: Steaming at a higher than 100°c, here temperature of boiling upon the surrounding
atmospheric pressure. A higher temperature of steaming is obtained by employing a higher pressure. When
the autoclave is closed and made air tight then water starts boiling .The inside pressure increase and now
the water boils above 100°c. At 15 Ib/sq. inch pressure 1210c temperature is obtained and it is kept for 15-30
minutes for sterilization.
Advantage:
1. Efficient method to destroy micro organisms.
2. Cheap cost, so econimal to use.
3.Microbicidal, sporicidal, nontoxic
4. Prevant growth of undesirable bacteria.
5. Easy and safe to use.
Disadvantage:
1. This method damages many plastics, electronics,fibre optics and biological materials. So, check for the
instructions on the material regarding the sterilization.
2. Careful monitoring is required for measurement of water level, temperature and pressure.
3. Skilled personnel required to handle the autoclave.
4. High chances of accidents.
5. Chances of skin burning.
2. Define NSAID and classify it?Name five drugs used in pain management?
Definition: Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs is a class of analgesic medication that reduces pain,fever
and inflammation.
Classification:
A.) Non Selective COX Inhibitors
1.) Salicylates e.g.- Aspirin
2.) Propionic acid derivative e.g.- Ibuprofen, naproxen
3.) Anthranilic acid derivative e.g.- Mephenamic acid
4.) Aryl acetic acid derivative e.g.- Diclofenac
5.) Oxicam derivative e.g.- Piroxicam
6.) Pyrrole-pyrrole derivative e.g.- Ketorolac
7.) Indole derivative e.g.- Indomethacin
B.) Preferential COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Nimesulide
C.) Selective COX-2 Inhibitor e.g.- Celecoxib
D.) Analgesic-Antipyretics with poor anti-inflammatory action e.g.- Paracetamol,Metamizol
3. Define shock? CF of haemorrhagic shock?
Definition:Shock is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition in which the body's vital organs and
tissues do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients due to a disruption in blood flow.
CF: 1.Hypotension
2.Tachycardia
3.Cold,Clammy skin
4.Rapid,shallow respiration
5.Confusion,irritability,drowsiness
6.Oliguria
7.Reduced central nervous pressure
8.Multi-organ failure
9.Decreased urine output
10.Sweating
11.Thirst
, 6. Malaria
7.Leukemia
8.Mononucleosis
9.Kalazar
10.Candidiasis
11.Christmas disease
5. Write down the difference between antiseptic and disinfectant?
Criteria Antiseptics Disinfectants
Used on living tissues (skin, mucous Used on inanimate objects, surfaces, or
Purpose membranes) equipment
Application Applied topically or used for wound cleaning Applied via sprays, wipes, or immersion
Microbial Action Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms Kill or reduce the number of microorganisms
Concentration Lower concentration than disinfectants Higher concentration than antiseptics
Generally safe for use on skin and mucous
Safety membranes Can be toxic if ingested or used improperly
May require longer contact time for
Time of Action Relatively shorter contact time required effectiveness
Examples Iodine, Hydrogen peroxide Quaternary ammonium compounds, bleach
6. Define X-Ray.classify X ray?Write down the hazard of x-ray?
Definition: Dental X-ray is an imaging technique using X-ray radiation to capture detailed images of the teeth
and surrounding oral structures. It assists dentists in diagnosing dental conditions such as cavities, root
problems, and bone health, aiding in treatment planning and dental care.
Hazard: 1. Radiation exposure risks.
2. Concerns for pregnant women.
3. Allergic reactions are possible.
4. Misinterpretation or misdiagnosis risks.
5. Overexposure and unnecessary use.
6. Thyroid gland vulnerability.
7. Oral tissue sensitivity.
8. DNA and genetic damage.
9. Long-term cumulative effects.
10. Environmental waste impact.
7. Define pericoronitis?Write the cause and management of it?
Definition: Pericoronitis is the inflammation and infection of the gum tissue around an incompletely erupted
tooth, usually a wisdom tooth, leading to pain, swelling, and discomfort in the affected area.
Cause: 1. Partial tooth eruption
2. Poor oral hygiene
3. Impacted tooth
4. Trauma or injury
5. Food impaction
6. Gum disease
7. Bacterial infection
8. Crowded teeth
9. Genetic factors
10. Weak immune system
Management:
1. Food debris should be removed from under the gum flap by irrigation.
2. Give advice about good oral hygiene and the cleaning of the affected area.
3. Recommend warm saline water rinses to reduce inflammation.
4. Prescribe appropriate pain medication for relief.
5. Administer antibiotics if the infection is present or spreading.
6. Consider tooth extraction in severe or recurring cases after radiography.
7. Schedule follow-up visits to monitor progress.
8. Write down the cause and management of dry socket?
