NSG 5003 Advanced Pathophysiology Week 8 Case Study 2 Updated Study Solutions

What is the functional unit of the kidney called - ANS- Nephron The only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area is called the - ANS- Proximal convoluted tubules What part of the kidney controls renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin secretion - ANS- Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor - ANS- Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries What effects do exercise and body position have on renal blood flow - ANS- They activate renal sympathetic neurons and cause mild vasoconstriction Blood vessels of the kidneys are innervated by the - ANS- Sympathetic nervous system When renin is released, it is capable of which action - ANS- Formation of angiotensin I What effect do natriuretic peptides have during heart failure when the heart dilates - ANS- Inhibits renin and aldosterone What is the direct action of atrial natriuretic hormone - ANS- Sodium excretion What term is used to identify the movement of fluids and solutes from the tubular lumen to the peritubular capillary plasma - ANS- Tubular reabsorption Compared with a younger individual, how is the specific gravity of urine in older adults affected - ANS- Specific gravity of urine in older adults is considered low normal What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infection - ANS- Escherichia coli Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual - ANS- Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element - ANS- Erythropoietin What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder - ANS- Neurogenic bladder What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis - ANS- Immune complexes Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria - ANS- streptococcus What is the cause of smoky, brown-colored urine resulting from acute poststreptococal glomerulonephritis - ANS- Presence of red blood cells What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) - ANS- Verotoxin from Escherichia coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells Bacteria gain access to the female urinary tract by which means - ANS- Bacteria ascending the urethra into the bladder What is the mechanism for developing Wilms tumor - ANS- The development of a Wilms tumor involves tumor-suppressor genes located on chromosome 11 Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor - ANS- Aniridia Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis - ANS- Excessive nocturnal levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis When does an individual have their full complement of renal nephrons - ANS- At birth Hyperkalemia treatment - ANS- Treatment - give loop diuretics (K+ sparing), dietary restrictions, cation exchange resins, and dialysis IV- calcium gluconate/insulin/dextrose and Kaexelate Nebulized/IV-salbutamol Which statement is false concerning the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal - ANS- The parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure - ANS- When insulin transports glucose into the cell it also carries potassium with it Which statement is true regarding urodilatin - ANS- Urodilatin is stimulated by a rise in blood pressure and an increase in extracellular volume What causes vesicuoreteral reflux to occur in children - ANS- The submucosal segment of a child's ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children - ANS- Periorbital edema