WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 EXAM
WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
- CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>Starling's Law describes how fluids move
across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act
to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the
capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes
fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would
cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood
stream to dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and
enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - CORRECT-
,ANSWERS>>>>>>>A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys
triggers prodcution of renin
Renin triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, and converts it into
Angiotensin I and angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts
to increase sodium and water absorption increasing blood volume, while also
increased potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too
low causes muscle weakness too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat
can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System,
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic
,pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the
structure of the protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative
pH and CO2 levels). - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>Normal ABGs (Arterial
Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Metabolic acidosis ph less than 7.35 and low HC03. Metabolic alkolosis ph
greater than 7.35 and so is hco3 both of these can be caused my dka. if the
ph and pco2 levels are going in the same direction it is metabolic if they are
going in a different direction it is respiratory
Respiratory alkolosis ph greater than 7.35and pco2 is decreased. repsiratory
acidosis is ph less than 7.35 and pco2 greater than
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in
determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>The anion gap is the
calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
, Lactic acid and ketones lead to the production of unmeasured anions,
therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the
blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is
signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a cells
surface and initiates the uptake of glucose.
Glucose if left in the blood, can to bind to proteins and lipids, which can lead
to loss of function. leading to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and leads to high
blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated with insulin
injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The
insulin receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?
How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?
- CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>Starling's Law describes how fluids move
across the capillary membrane. There are two major opposing forces that act
to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of the
capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes
fluid into the capillaries).
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
pressure, high electrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would
cause water to leave the cells and interstitial space and enter the blood
stream to dilute the high concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water to leave the capillaries and
enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in
increased blood volume and increased blood pressure? - CORRECT-
,ANSWERS>>>>>>>A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys
triggers prodcution of renin
Renin triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, and converts it into
Angiotensin I and angiotensin II by the enzyme
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral
arterial vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II stimulate the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts
to increase sodium and water absorption increasing blood volume, while also
increased potassium secretion in urine.
How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2
mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too
low causes muscle weakness too much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat
can cause a heart attack
The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System,
and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic
,pH, what is the consequence of a pH imbalance - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter the
structure of the protein (denature), thereby affecting its function as well
Describe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis,
metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative
pH and CO2 levels). - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>Normal ABGs (Arterial
Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Metabolic acidosis ph less than 7.35 and low HC03. Metabolic alkolosis ph
greater than 7.35 and so is hco3 both of these can be caused my dka. if the
ph and pco2 levels are going in the same direction it is metabolic if they are
going in a different direction it is respiratory
Respiratory alkolosis ph greater than 7.35and pco2 is decreased. repsiratory
acidosis is ph less than 7.35 and pco2 greater than
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in
determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.
Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or
lactic acidosis? - CORRECT-ANSWERS>>>>>>>The anion gap is the
calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.
, Lactic acid and ketones lead to the production of unmeasured anions,
therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the
blood (ie describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)? - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the
uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to produce energy (ATP).
In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is
signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a cells
surface and initiates the uptake of glucose.
Glucose if left in the blood, can to bind to proteins and lipids, which can lead
to loss of function. leading to damage in the heart and kidneys.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - CORRECT-
ANSWERS>>>>>>>Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out
insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into the cell and leads to high
blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated with insulin
injections.
Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The
insulin receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to
hyperglycemia.
