ETHICS AND LAW IN DENTAL
HYGIENE FINAL EXAM 2025/2026
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS ACCURATE
ACTUAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE /
EXPERT VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS/ALREADY
GRADED A+
1. The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and
enforced by those within the profession represents
a. self-regulating behavior.
b. a service orientation.
c. a standard of practice.
d. an organized association. - ANSWER 1. ANS: A
Health care professionals are held to a higher standard than can be
expressed exclusively by legislative mandate. This is called self-
regulating or self-policing behavior and represents an increased level of
trust on the part of the public.
2. The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter"
include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the
principle of
a. professionalism.
b. interprofessionalism.
c. social justice.
d. altruism. - ANSWER 2. ANS: C
,The principle of social justice is the third main tenet. The desired goal of
the publication "Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A
Physician Charter" was to reinvigorate the value of professionalism that
includes social responsibility: the ethic of care, and access to that care, for
all members of society.
3. Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar
is considered to be the most desirable?
a. Commercial model
b. Interactive model
c. Guild model - ANSWER 3. ANS: B
The interactive model is preferable because it presents the patient and
provider as partners who make different contributions to the partnership.
This equal moral status creates an obligation for equal respect as partners
working together toward attaining and maintaining oral health.
4. The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when
students from two or more health professions
a. are combined into a single education program, for example, Registered
Nurse (R.N.) and Licensed Practical Nurse (L.P.N.) or Osteopathic
Physician (D.O.) and Allopathic Physician (M.D.).
b. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for
example, an M.D. and a D.D.S.
c. learn together during part of their professional training.
d. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing
process. - ANSWER 4. ANS: C
The term IPE refers to occasions when students from two or more health
professions learn together during all or part of their professional training
with the objective of cultivating collaborative practice to improve the
quality of patient care at the individual and population level.
4. Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral
development?
a. The model consists of three stages of moral development.
b. The model defined moral development according to both levels and
stages.
c. The model is developed according to the ethic of care.
d. The model categorized stages in the moral development of male
children. - ANSWER 4. ANS: D
,Both Piaget and Kohlberg categorized stages in the moral development of
male children. Piaget's model consisted of four stages, whereas Kohlberg
defined moral development according to both levels and stages. Gilligan's
model is based on morality in the context of a relationship she calls the
ethic of care.
5. Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of
Moral Development?
a. Heteronomous stage
b. Autonomous stage
c. Amoral stage
d. Egocentric stage - ANSWER 5. ANS: C
Stage 1 is the amoral stage, which occurs between ages 0 and 2 years.
The amoral stage is followed by the egocentric stage (ages 2 to 7 years);
the heteronomous stage (ages 7 to 12 years); and the autonomous stage
(ages 12 and older).
6. According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a
person accepts the moral authority of others during the ____________
stage.
a. autonomous
b. egocentric
c. amoral
d. heteronomous - ANSWER 6. ANS: D
Acceptance of the moral authority of others is characteristic of the
heteronomous stage of moral development.
7. Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for
which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's
Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
a. Preconventional reasoning
b. Conventional reasoning
c. Postconventional or principled reasoning
d. None of the above - ANSWER 7. ANS: A
Preconventional reasoning is the level of reasoning in which externally
established rules determine right and wrong action.
8. Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's
Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
a. Law and order orientation
, b. Instrumental relativist orientation
c. Social contract legalistic orientation
d. Universal ethical principle orientation - ANSWER 8. ANS: D
Stage 6 is the universal ethical principle orientation, the highest stage of
Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development.
9. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the
context of
a. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care.
b. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care.
c. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation.
d. neither the male justice orientation nor the female ethic of care. -
ANSWER 9. ANS: A
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context
of two moral orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic
of care—and therefore that Kohlberg's measurement of moral
development only in a justice-oriented scoring system is biased toward
the male.
10. According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a
case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships
surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child?
a. Lawrence Kohlberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Immanuel Kant - ANSWER 10. ANS: C
According to Gilligan, for a female health care provider, even if her
actions turned out to be identical with those of the male, the basis of those
actions being ethically required would be different; the duty to report—
and her actually reporting if she determines this is her most important
duty—is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the
need to protect the interests of the child.
5. ____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and
ability that are performed by a health care provider.
a. Duties
b. Obligations
c. Basics
HYGIENE FINAL EXAM 2025/2026
EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS ACCURATE
ACTUAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE /
EXPERT VERIFIED FOR
GUARANTEED PASS/ALREADY
GRADED A+
1. The higher standards expressed in a professional code of ethics and
enforced by those within the profession represents
a. self-regulating behavior.
b. a service orientation.
c. a standard of practice.
d. an organized association. - ANSWER 1. ANS: A
Health care professionals are held to a higher standard than can be
expressed exclusively by legislative mandate. This is called self-
regulating or self-policing behavior and represents an increased level of
trust on the part of the public.
2. The three fundamental ethical principles of the "Physician Charter"
include the primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and the
principle of
a. professionalism.
b. interprofessionalism.
c. social justice.
d. altruism. - ANSWER 2. ANS: C
,The principle of social justice is the third main tenet. The desired goal of
the publication "Medical Professionalism in the New Millennium: A
Physician Charter" was to reinvigorate the value of professionalism that
includes social responsibility: the ethic of care, and access to that care, for
all members of society.
3. Which of the following models of professionalism described by Ozar
is considered to be the most desirable?
a. Commercial model
b. Interactive model
c. Guild model - ANSWER 3. ANS: B
The interactive model is preferable because it presents the patient and
provider as partners who make different contributions to the partnership.
This equal moral status creates an obligation for equal respect as partners
working together toward attaining and maintaining oral health.
4. The term interprofessional education (IPE) refers to occasions when
students from two or more health professions
a. are combined into a single education program, for example, Registered
Nurse (R.N.) and Licensed Practical Nurse (L.P.N.) or Osteopathic
Physician (D.O.) and Allopathic Physician (M.D.).
b. complete the degree requirements for more than one program, for
example, an M.D. and a D.D.S.
c. learn together during part of their professional training.
d. take the same written board examination as part of the licensing
process. - ANSWER 4. ANS: C
The term IPE refers to occasions when students from two or more health
professions learn together during all or part of their professional training
with the objective of cultivating collaborative practice to improve the
quality of patient care at the individual and population level.
4. Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive moral
development?
a. The model consists of three stages of moral development.
b. The model defined moral development according to both levels and
stages.
c. The model is developed according to the ethic of care.
d. The model categorized stages in the moral development of male
children. - ANSWER 4. ANS: D
,Both Piaget and Kohlberg categorized stages in the moral development of
male children. Piaget's model consisted of four stages, whereas Kohlberg
defined moral development according to both levels and stages. Gilligan's
model is based on morality in the context of a relationship she calls the
ethic of care.
5. Which of the following is Stage 1 of Piaget's Four-Stage Model of
Moral Development?
a. Heteronomous stage
b. Autonomous stage
c. Amoral stage
d. Egocentric stage - ANSWER 5. ANS: C
Stage 1 is the amoral stage, which occurs between ages 0 and 2 years.
The amoral stage is followed by the egocentric stage (ages 2 to 7 years);
the heteronomous stage (ages 7 to 12 years); and the autonomous stage
(ages 12 and older).
6. According to Piaget's Four-Stage Model of Moral Development, a
person accepts the moral authority of others during the ____________
stage.
a. autonomous
b. egocentric
c. amoral
d. heteronomous - ANSWER 6. ANS: D
Acceptance of the moral authority of others is characteristic of the
heteronomous stage of moral development.
7. Externally established rules determine right and wrong action for
which of the following levels of reasoning according to Kohlberg's
Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
a. Preconventional reasoning
b. Conventional reasoning
c. Postconventional or principled reasoning
d. None of the above - ANSWER 7. ANS: A
Preconventional reasoning is the level of reasoning in which externally
established rules determine right and wrong action.
8. Which of the following represents the highest stage of Kohlberg's
Three-Level Model of Moral Development?
a. Law and order orientation
, b. Instrumental relativist orientation
c. Social contract legalistic orientation
d. Universal ethical principle orientation - ANSWER 8. ANS: D
Stage 6 is the universal ethical principle orientation, the highest stage of
Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development.
9. Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the
context of
a. both male justice orientation and a female ethic of care.
b. the male justice orientation but not female ethic of care.
c. the female ethic of care but not male justice orientation.
d. neither the male justice orientation nor the female ethic of care. -
ANSWER 9. ANS: A
Gilligan believes that complete moral development occurs in the context
of two moral orientations—a male justice orientation and a female ethic
of care—and therefore that Kohlberg's measurement of moral
development only in a justice-oriented scoring system is biased toward
the male.
10. According to which of the following persons, the duty to report a
case of suspected child abuse is derived from the relationships
surrounding the child and the need to protect the interests of the child?
a. Lawrence Kohlberg
b. Jean Piaget
c. Carol Gilligan
d. Immanuel Kant - ANSWER 10. ANS: C
According to Gilligan, for a female health care provider, even if her
actions turned out to be identical with those of the male, the basis of those
actions being ethically required would be different; the duty to report—
and her actually reporting if she determines this is her most important
duty—is derived from the relationships surrounding the child and the
need to protect the interests of the child.
5. ____________ are essential skills requiring knowledge, skill, and
ability that are performed by a health care provider.
a. Duties
b. Obligations
c. Basics
