11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
NSG 530 – Exam 3 Study Guide | Wilkes University |
Advanced Pathophysiology | Comprehensive Practice
Questions and Answers
gastrointestinal tract components
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
functions of the gastrointestinal system
movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract
mucosa(outermost), submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia (innermost)
enteric (intramural) plexus
controls mobility, secretion, sensation and blood flow
functions of saliva
lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation, enzymatic digestion
phases of swallowing
oropharyngeal and esophageal
oropharyngeal swallowing
voluntary (striated) food formed into bolus and forced towards pharynx
cardiac orifice
opening between esophagus and stomach
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
absorption through villi
enterocytes
microvilli
brush border
,11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
lamina propria
lacteal
crypts of Lieberkühn
Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsin
-pancreatic enzymes
-intestinal enzymes
-bile salts
The stomach has three layers of muscle
- longitudinal, circular, and oblique (most prominent)
the stomach is impermeable to what?
water, but can absorb alcohol and aspirin as they are lipid soluble.
Three phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase
Gastric mixing and emptying
- Retropulsion
- Rate dependent on volume, osmotic pressure, and chemical composition
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Glands located at the base of the intestinal villus
reflexes that inhibit intestinal motility
ileogastric reflex, intestinointestinal reflux, gastroileal reflex
large intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining
material is eliminated from the body
teniae coli of the large intestine
three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
haustral contractions
,11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
circular muscles of the colon
most contractions of colon, where haustra sequentially contract in response to distension
Slow segmenting movements, mostly in ascending and transverse colon
superior mesenteric artery
large abdominal artery; feed large and small intestine
Valsalva maneuver
forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure
Role of bacterial flora
-ferment undigestible carbohydrates (cellulose)
-synthesize vitamins B and K
-release a mixture of gases (flatus)
-decompose bilirubin to give feces brown color
-is a desirable component
Role of digestive system
produce energy from food ingested, transfer energy-rich nutrients, water, and electrolytes into the
body's internal environment
alimentary canal
GI tract-digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
single hallow tube
esophageal swallowing
involuntary (smooth muscle) food bolus enters esophagus, peristalsis occurs to move food down
to lower esophageal sphincter
how many permanent teeth are there in adults
32
three pairs of salivary glands
parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands
Saliva has a pH of
about 7.4, used to neutralize bacterial acids and prevents tooth decay
mucin
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms- provides lubrication
, 11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
upper esophageal sphincter
Keeps air from entering the esophagus during respiration
lower esophageal sphincter
Prevents regurgitation from the stomach and caustic injury to the esophagus
Functions of the stomach
stores food
secretes digestive juices
mixes food with the juices
propels partially digested food (chyme) into duodenum
Chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
functional areas of the stomach
the fundus (upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower portion).
rugae
the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach
blood to stomach is supplied by _____?
celiac artery- abundant!
Motilin
increases peristalsis
Secretin
decreases peristalsis
Stimulation of gastric secretion
-Eating
-Gastrin
-Paracrine pathways
-Acetylcholine
-Chemicals
--Ethanol, coffee, protein
intrinsic factor
makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen
NSG 530 – Exam 3 Study Guide | Wilkes University |
Advanced Pathophysiology | Comprehensive Practice
Questions and Answers
gastrointestinal tract components
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
functions of the gastrointestinal system
movement, secretion, digestion, and absorption
Layers of the gastrointestinal tract
mucosa(outermost), submucosa, muscularis, serosa/adventitia (innermost)
enteric (intramural) plexus
controls mobility, secretion, sensation and blood flow
functions of saliva
lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, thermoregulation, enzymatic digestion
phases of swallowing
oropharyngeal and esophageal
oropharyngeal swallowing
voluntary (striated) food formed into bolus and forced towards pharynx
cardiac orifice
opening between esophagus and stomach
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
absorption through villi
enterocytes
microvilli
brush border
,11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
lamina propria
lacteal
crypts of Lieberkühn
Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
-hydrochloric acid
-pepsin
-pancreatic enzymes
-intestinal enzymes
-bile salts
The stomach has three layers of muscle
- longitudinal, circular, and oblique (most prominent)
the stomach is impermeable to what?
water, but can absorb alcohol and aspirin as they are lipid soluble.
Three phases of gastric secretion
1. cephalic phase
2. gastric phase
3. intestinal phase
Gastric mixing and emptying
- Retropulsion
- Rate dependent on volume, osmotic pressure, and chemical composition
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Glands located at the base of the intestinal villus
reflexes that inhibit intestinal motility
ileogastric reflex, intestinointestinal reflux, gastroileal reflex
large intestine
The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining
material is eliminated from the body
teniae coli of the large intestine
three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
haustral contractions
,11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
circular muscles of the colon
most contractions of colon, where haustra sequentially contract in response to distension
Slow segmenting movements, mostly in ascending and transverse colon
superior mesenteric artery
large abdominal artery; feed large and small intestine
Valsalva maneuver
forcible exhalation against a closed glottis, resulting in increased intrathoracic pressure
Role of bacterial flora
-ferment undigestible carbohydrates (cellulose)
-synthesize vitamins B and K
-release a mixture of gases (flatus)
-decompose bilirubin to give feces brown color
-is a desirable component
Role of digestive system
produce energy from food ingested, transfer energy-rich nutrients, water, and electrolytes into the
body's internal environment
alimentary canal
GI tract-digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
single hallow tube
esophageal swallowing
involuntary (smooth muscle) food bolus enters esophagus, peristalsis occurs to move food down
to lower esophageal sphincter
how many permanent teeth are there in adults
32
three pairs of salivary glands
parotid glands, sublingual glands, submandibular glands
Saliva has a pH of
about 7.4, used to neutralize bacterial acids and prevents tooth decay
mucin
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms- provides lubrication
, 11:48:11 PM Wednesday, July 30, 2025
upper esophageal sphincter
Keeps air from entering the esophagus during respiration
lower esophageal sphincter
Prevents regurgitation from the stomach and caustic injury to the esophagus
Functions of the stomach
stores food
secretes digestive juices
mixes food with the juices
propels partially digested food (chyme) into duodenum
Chyme
Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
functional areas of the stomach
the fundus (upper portion), body (middle portion), and antrum (lower portion).
rugae
the folds in the mucosa lining the stomach
blood to stomach is supplied by _____?
celiac artery- abundant!
Motilin
increases peristalsis
Secretin
decreases peristalsis
Stimulation of gastric secretion
-Eating
-Gastrin
-Paracrine pathways
-Acetylcholine
-Chemicals
--Ethanol, coffee, protein
intrinsic factor
makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen
