Praxis Biology (5236) Module 3
DNA - answer A double strand of nucleotides wrapped around a histone protein
Nucleotide - answer Composed of: a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogen
base
4 Nitrogenous Bases - answer Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
Chargaff's Rule - answer[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another
forming two strands also called base pairing.
Gene - answer a particular section of DNA that encodes for a particular trait
Chromatin - answer the complex of proteins and DNA that will eventually form
chromosomes
Chromosomes - answertightly coiled strands of DNA, largest unit of genetic information
DNA Structure - answerdouble helix; held together by complimentary base pairing
RNA Structure - answersingle-stranded
RNA Bases - answeradenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
Central Dogma of DNA - answerDNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA Replication - answer1) DNA Helicase unzips DNA 2) DNA Polymerase moves
along the exposed strand of DNA and adds the complimentary bases 3) DNA Ligase
catalyzes attachment of strands back together
Okazaki Fragments - answerSmall fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand
during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
RNA Transcription - answer1) Transcription factors bind to a gene's promoters 2) RNA
Polymerase binds to the transcription factors 3) RNA Polymerase attaches the
complementary RNA 4) Transcription stops when the RNA Polymerase reaches a "stop"
signal
Capping - answer-Modified guanosine attached to 5' end
-Needed for mRNA to exit nucleus and bind ribosome
, Splicing - answerthe process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-
mRNA
Polyadenylation - answerThe addition of a string of adenine nucleotides added to the
mRNA after transcription.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - answerAn RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter
between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and
recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - answerRNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for
the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Start Codon - answerAUG
Stop Codons - answerUAA, UAG, UGA
Codon - answerset of three bases
Translation - answer1) mRNA combines with rRNA and tRNA 2) mRNA bond to the
anticodons of tRNA and brings the correct amino acid 3) Amino acid chain is bonded
together by enzymes 4) Stop codon is reached
Transcription - answerthe process by which the info contained in a DNA strand is copied
onto a mRNA molecule
Activators - answerenhancers are transcription factors that turn on a gene
Repressors - answerfactors that interfere with the binding of activators so they prevent
transcription, turning a gene off
Deletion - answera portion of a chromosome is lost
Duplication - answera portion of the chromosome is duplicated
Inversion - answera segment of a chromosome is reversed in orientation
Translocation - answera segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a
different chromosome
Point Mutation - answerchanges in a single nucleotide base pair
Substitution - answerone nucleotide replaces another
Insertion - answerA mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a
gene.
DNA - answer A double strand of nucleotides wrapped around a histone protein
Nucleotide - answer Composed of: a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogen
base
4 Nitrogenous Bases - answer Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine
Chargaff's Rule - answer[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], they pair up across from one another
forming two strands also called base pairing.
Gene - answer a particular section of DNA that encodes for a particular trait
Chromatin - answer the complex of proteins and DNA that will eventually form
chromosomes
Chromosomes - answertightly coiled strands of DNA, largest unit of genetic information
DNA Structure - answerdouble helix; held together by complimentary base pairing
RNA Structure - answersingle-stranded
RNA Bases - answeradenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
Central Dogma of DNA - answerDNA -> RNA -> Protein
DNA Replication - answer1) DNA Helicase unzips DNA 2) DNA Polymerase moves
along the exposed strand of DNA and adds the complimentary bases 3) DNA Ligase
catalyzes attachment of strands back together
Okazaki Fragments - answerSmall fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand
during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.
RNA Transcription - answer1) Transcription factors bind to a gene's promoters 2) RNA
Polymerase binds to the transcription factors 3) RNA Polymerase attaches the
complementary RNA 4) Transcription stops when the RNA Polymerase reaches a "stop"
signal
Capping - answer-Modified guanosine attached to 5' end
-Needed for mRNA to exit nucleus and bind ribosome
, Splicing - answerthe process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-
mRNA
Polyadenylation - answerThe addition of a string of adenine nucleotides added to the
mRNA after transcription.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - answerAn RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter
between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and
recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - answerRNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for
the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Start Codon - answerAUG
Stop Codons - answerUAA, UAG, UGA
Codon - answerset of three bases
Translation - answer1) mRNA combines with rRNA and tRNA 2) mRNA bond to the
anticodons of tRNA and brings the correct amino acid 3) Amino acid chain is bonded
together by enzymes 4) Stop codon is reached
Transcription - answerthe process by which the info contained in a DNA strand is copied
onto a mRNA molecule
Activators - answerenhancers are transcription factors that turn on a gene
Repressors - answerfactors that interfere with the binding of activators so they prevent
transcription, turning a gene off
Deletion - answera portion of a chromosome is lost
Duplication - answera portion of the chromosome is duplicated
Inversion - answera segment of a chromosome is reversed in orientation
Translocation - answera segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a
different chromosome
Point Mutation - answerchanges in a single nucleotide base pair
Substitution - answerone nucleotide replaces another
Insertion - answerA mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a
gene.
