PRAXIS CRAM - BIOLOGY 5236
Pros of stem cell research - answer Curing genetic diseases
Growing skin for burn victims
Growing new organs
Cons of stem cell research - answer Harvesting embryonic stem cells kills the embryo,
what constitutes a viable embryo?
Cons of genetically modified foods - answer Man should not interfere, allergens,
modifications not contained-could pass in to wild species
Cons of cloning - answer- reduced gene pool
- animals less healthy
- worries that humans could be cloned and born with severe health problems
Pros of cloning - answer- used for medical research
- Therapeutic cloning
- Can save endangered species
concerns of genetic testing - answerIs it a medical test? Some do not want to know,
privacy (who keeps results?), philosophical (do genes determine behavior?)
scientific theory - answera well-tested concept that explains a wide range of
observations
scientific fact - answera direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural
world
Hypothesis - answerA testable prediction, often implied by a theory
An educated guess
scientific law - answerA statement that describes what scientists expect to happen
every time under a particular set of conditions
scientific model - answera representation of an object or event that can be studied to
understand the real object or event
Scientific Method - answerA series of steps followed to solve problems including
collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating
conclusions.
sig fig rules - answer1) non-zero digits and zeros in-between them are sig figs
,2) leading zeros (0.04) are not sig figs
3) trailing zeros with a decimal are sig figs (without a decimal are not
greenhouse effect - answerNatural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's
atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
greenhouse gases - answerGases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
ozone depletion - answerthinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into
the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
free radicals - answerchemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Human impacts on ecosystems - answerAcid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation,
urbanization, accelerated species loss, genetic abnormalities, endocrine disruption in
populations, and harm to individual animals.
global warming - answerAn increase in the average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
acid rain - answerRain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas
emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.
Eutrophication - answerA process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and
nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of
organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
landfill - answerThe disposal of refuse and other waste material by burying it and
covering it over with soil (leads to methane greenhouse gas)
independent variable - answerThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable - answerThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Properties of Carbon - answercarbon has 4 valence electrons, and can bond with other
carbon atoms forming chains .
organic molecules - answercontain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and
oxygen
inorganic molecules - answermolecules that do not contain carbon
, covalent bond - answerA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
hydrogen bond - answerweak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
chemical bond - answerthe force that holds two atoms together
intermolecular forces - answerforces of attraction between molecules
ATP - answer(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of
their work
Properties of water - answercohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense
than liquid, specific heat
specific heat - answerThe amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram
of a substance by 1 degree celcius
capillary action - answerthe attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
Cohesion - answerAttraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion - answerAn attraction between molecules of different substances
surface tension - answerA measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of
a liquid
Macromolecules - answerA very large organic molecule composed of many smaller
molecules
examples of macromolecules - answercarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Photosynthesis - answerConversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Formula for photosynthesis - answer6H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂
Chemosynthesis - answerprocess in which chemical energy is used to produce
carbohydrates
light capturing events - answerThe first stage in photosynthesis; involves photosynthetic
pigments capturing light energy in the form of excited electrons
light-dependent reactions - answerreactions of photosynthesis that use energy from
light to produce ATP and NADPH
Pros of stem cell research - answer Curing genetic diseases
Growing skin for burn victims
Growing new organs
Cons of stem cell research - answer Harvesting embryonic stem cells kills the embryo,
what constitutes a viable embryo?
Cons of genetically modified foods - answer Man should not interfere, allergens,
modifications not contained-could pass in to wild species
Cons of cloning - answer- reduced gene pool
- animals less healthy
- worries that humans could be cloned and born with severe health problems
Pros of cloning - answer- used for medical research
- Therapeutic cloning
- Can save endangered species
concerns of genetic testing - answerIs it a medical test? Some do not want to know,
privacy (who keeps results?), philosophical (do genes determine behavior?)
scientific theory - answera well-tested concept that explains a wide range of
observations
scientific fact - answera direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural
world
Hypothesis - answerA testable prediction, often implied by a theory
An educated guess
scientific law - answerA statement that describes what scientists expect to happen
every time under a particular set of conditions
scientific model - answera representation of an object or event that can be studied to
understand the real object or event
Scientific Method - answerA series of steps followed to solve problems including
collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating
conclusions.
sig fig rules - answer1) non-zero digits and zeros in-between them are sig figs
,2) leading zeros (0.04) are not sig figs
3) trailing zeros with a decimal are sig figs (without a decimal are not
greenhouse effect - answerNatural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's
atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
greenhouse gases - answerGases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
ozone depletion - answerthinning of Earth's ozone layer caused by CFC's leaking into
the air and reacting chemically with the ozone, breaking the ozone molocules apart
free radicals - answerchemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Human impacts on ecosystems - answerAcid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation,
urbanization, accelerated species loss, genetic abnormalities, endocrine disruption in
populations, and harm to individual animals.
global warming - answerAn increase in the average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
acid rain - answerRain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas
emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.
Eutrophication - answerA process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and
nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of
organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria.
landfill - answerThe disposal of refuse and other waste material by burying it and
covering it over with soil (leads to methane greenhouse gas)
independent variable - answerThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable
whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable - answerThe outcome factor; the variable that may change in
response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Properties of Carbon - answercarbon has 4 valence electrons, and can bond with other
carbon atoms forming chains .
organic molecules - answercontain skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and
oxygen
inorganic molecules - answermolecules that do not contain carbon
, covalent bond - answerA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
hydrogen bond - answerweak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
chemical bond - answerthe force that holds two atoms together
intermolecular forces - answerforces of attraction between molecules
ATP - answer(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of
their work
Properties of water - answercohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense
than liquid, specific heat
specific heat - answerThe amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram
of a substance by 1 degree celcius
capillary action - answerthe attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid
Cohesion - answerAttraction between molecules of the same substance
Adhesion - answerAn attraction between molecules of different substances
surface tension - answerA measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of
a liquid
Macromolecules - answerA very large organic molecule composed of many smaller
molecules
examples of macromolecules - answercarbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Photosynthesis - answerConversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Formula for photosynthesis - answer6H₂O + 6CO₂ + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6O₂
Chemosynthesis - answerprocess in which chemical energy is used to produce
carbohydrates
light capturing events - answerThe first stage in photosynthesis; involves photosynthetic
pigments capturing light energy in the form of excited electrons
light-dependent reactions - answerreactions of photosynthesis that use energy from
light to produce ATP and NADPH
