ANSC 3080 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
1) What are the functions of the respiratory system?
2) Describe the respiratory function
3) Describe the non-respiratory function - answer 1) respiratory and non-respiratory
2) gas transport for metabolism
-move oxygen from the air-->pulmonary blood
-clearance of carbon dioxide
3) -lungs receive 95% cardiac output (right heart)
-filter blood, chemical processing, maintenance and defences (part of the first line of
defence)
-facilitate venous return (respiratory pump)
1) What is respiration?
2) What is ventilation?
3) What is gas exchange?
4) What is cellular respiration? - answer 1) interchanges of gases between atmosphere
and the cells of the body
2) breathing: transport of air to and from the lungs
3) O2/CO2 exchange between the air in the lungs and cells in the body
4) oxidation of cellular molecules that produce CO2, water, and ATP
What are the steps in overall gas transport? - answer 1) ventilation: movement of bulk
airflow, delivering air to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs
2) lung diffusion: gas exchange between respiratory zone and blood- O2 moves across
alveolar membrane-->red blood cells; reverse process for CO2
3) circulation (blood<-->tissues): requires adequate function of the pulmonary and
systemic circulations
,4) tissue diffusion: erythrocyte/plasma<-->tissue cells=passive diffusion
5) internal respiration: metabolism using O2 and producing CO2
1) What happens during ventilation?
2) Describe the airways - answer 1) -air transported through the airways from the
atmosphere to the respiratory zone of the lungs
-bronchioles connect to alveoli where gas exchange occurs
2) system of tubular structures
-nasal and oral cavities
-pharynx and larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
1) What are the functions of the airways?
2) Describe conditioning of the inhaled air - answer 1) -delivering gas to the respiratory
zone
-conditioning of the inhaled air
2) -air warmed to core body temperature (prevents temperature shock in the alveoli)
-gas humidification: saturation with vapour to prevent dehydration of the respiratory
epithelium in alveoli
-filtration cleansing: prevents foreign objects and microorganisms to enter the lungs
(reduces risks of injury and infection)
1) Describe the nasal/oral cavities
2) Describe the pharynx
3) Describe the larynx - answer 1) -inner surface=mucous membrane that warms and
humidifies air
-some species=hair in nostrils act as first filter
,-epithelium contains ciliated cells and mucus cells (goblet): trap foreign objects, move
the mucus towards the pharynx
2) -connection between nasal/oral cavity and the larynx
3) -connects pharynx and the trachea: glottis and epiglottis=cartilage that prevents food
to enter the trachea
-contains the vocal cords
1) Describe the trachea
2) Describe the bronchi
3) Describe the bronchioles
4) What do bronchi and bronchioles also possess? - answer 1) -flexible tube kept open
by cartilage rings
-inner surface lined with ciliated and mucus cells
-mucus traps particles, and coordinated cilia movements push the trash back toward
the pharynx
2) -possess cartilage plates to maintain the shape
-starts with 1 tube per lung= primary bronchi
-branches off to narrower tubes with less cartilage
3) -lack cartilage=depend upon lung recoil to maintain potency; possess smooth muscle
4) ciliated and mucus producing epithelial cells
In general, how many branches from trachea and terminal alveoli? - answer 20-24
1) Describe the airway cross-sectional area
2) Describe airway clearance - answer 1) increases dramatically moving from trachea to
respiratory zone
-geometric increase in number of small airways
-reduces velocity of airflow to virtually zero
-movement of gas in respiratory zone by diffusion only
-velocity (cm/s)=flow (cm^3/s)/cross section area (cm^2)
2) -cilia and goblet cells work to move thin sheet of mucus from lower parts of the lungs
, to the throat region
-defensins: airway 'lysol'--destroy bacteria; first line of defence (2nd is immune system
proper)
Accumulation of mucus and pus in the trachea is associated with what? What is the role
of the environment? - answer inflammation of the lower airways
-environmental particles can trigger this problem
Describe the alveoli - answer respiratory zone
-clusters around terminal bronchioles
-adult human: covers 75-80m^2
-surrounded by a capillary network
-air separated from blood by 2 layers of cells (epithelium and endothelium): best for gas
exchange
-some epithelial cells (type 2) produce fluid=surfactant which reduces surface tension
-if small particles reach alveoli='phagocytized' by macrophages (immune defence)
1) What is the thoracic cavity?
2) Describe the diaphragm
3) Describe the mediastinum - answer 1) space within the thoracic cage between:
thoracic vertebras, ribs and intercostal muscles, and sternum
2) -separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
-sheet of skeletal muscles and tendon
3) -divide thoracic cage in 2 halves (from spine to sternum)
-connective tissue containing vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus and the heart
-each lung fills 1 half
1) What are pleural membranes?
2) What is intrapleural space filled with? - answer 1) wet epithelial surfaces, cover the
CORRECT ANSWERS
1) What are the functions of the respiratory system?
2) Describe the respiratory function
3) Describe the non-respiratory function - answer 1) respiratory and non-respiratory
2) gas transport for metabolism
-move oxygen from the air-->pulmonary blood
-clearance of carbon dioxide
3) -lungs receive 95% cardiac output (right heart)
-filter blood, chemical processing, maintenance and defences (part of the first line of
defence)
-facilitate venous return (respiratory pump)
1) What is respiration?
2) What is ventilation?
3) What is gas exchange?
4) What is cellular respiration? - answer 1) interchanges of gases between atmosphere
and the cells of the body
2) breathing: transport of air to and from the lungs
3) O2/CO2 exchange between the air in the lungs and cells in the body
4) oxidation of cellular molecules that produce CO2, water, and ATP
What are the steps in overall gas transport? - answer 1) ventilation: movement of bulk
airflow, delivering air to the respiratory zone where gas exchange occurs
2) lung diffusion: gas exchange between respiratory zone and blood- O2 moves across
alveolar membrane-->red blood cells; reverse process for CO2
3) circulation (blood<-->tissues): requires adequate function of the pulmonary and
systemic circulations
,4) tissue diffusion: erythrocyte/plasma<-->tissue cells=passive diffusion
5) internal respiration: metabolism using O2 and producing CO2
1) What happens during ventilation?
2) Describe the airways - answer 1) -air transported through the airways from the
atmosphere to the respiratory zone of the lungs
-bronchioles connect to alveoli where gas exchange occurs
2) system of tubular structures
-nasal and oral cavities
-pharynx and larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
1) What are the functions of the airways?
2) Describe conditioning of the inhaled air - answer 1) -delivering gas to the respiratory
zone
-conditioning of the inhaled air
2) -air warmed to core body temperature (prevents temperature shock in the alveoli)
-gas humidification: saturation with vapour to prevent dehydration of the respiratory
epithelium in alveoli
-filtration cleansing: prevents foreign objects and microorganisms to enter the lungs
(reduces risks of injury and infection)
1) Describe the nasal/oral cavities
2) Describe the pharynx
3) Describe the larynx - answer 1) -inner surface=mucous membrane that warms and
humidifies air
-some species=hair in nostrils act as first filter
,-epithelium contains ciliated cells and mucus cells (goblet): trap foreign objects, move
the mucus towards the pharynx
2) -connection between nasal/oral cavity and the larynx
3) -connects pharynx and the trachea: glottis and epiglottis=cartilage that prevents food
to enter the trachea
-contains the vocal cords
1) Describe the trachea
2) Describe the bronchi
3) Describe the bronchioles
4) What do bronchi and bronchioles also possess? - answer 1) -flexible tube kept open
by cartilage rings
-inner surface lined with ciliated and mucus cells
-mucus traps particles, and coordinated cilia movements push the trash back toward
the pharynx
2) -possess cartilage plates to maintain the shape
-starts with 1 tube per lung= primary bronchi
-branches off to narrower tubes with less cartilage
3) -lack cartilage=depend upon lung recoil to maintain potency; possess smooth muscle
4) ciliated and mucus producing epithelial cells
In general, how many branches from trachea and terminal alveoli? - answer 20-24
1) Describe the airway cross-sectional area
2) Describe airway clearance - answer 1) increases dramatically moving from trachea to
respiratory zone
-geometric increase in number of small airways
-reduces velocity of airflow to virtually zero
-movement of gas in respiratory zone by diffusion only
-velocity (cm/s)=flow (cm^3/s)/cross section area (cm^2)
2) -cilia and goblet cells work to move thin sheet of mucus from lower parts of the lungs
, to the throat region
-defensins: airway 'lysol'--destroy bacteria; first line of defence (2nd is immune system
proper)
Accumulation of mucus and pus in the trachea is associated with what? What is the role
of the environment? - answer inflammation of the lower airways
-environmental particles can trigger this problem
Describe the alveoli - answer respiratory zone
-clusters around terminal bronchioles
-adult human: covers 75-80m^2
-surrounded by a capillary network
-air separated from blood by 2 layers of cells (epithelium and endothelium): best for gas
exchange
-some epithelial cells (type 2) produce fluid=surfactant which reduces surface tension
-if small particles reach alveoli='phagocytized' by macrophages (immune defence)
1) What is the thoracic cavity?
2) Describe the diaphragm
3) Describe the mediastinum - answer 1) space within the thoracic cage between:
thoracic vertebras, ribs and intercostal muscles, and sternum
2) -separates thoracic and abdominal cavity
-sheet of skeletal muscles and tendon
3) -divide thoracic cage in 2 halves (from spine to sternum)
-connective tissue containing vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus and the heart
-each lung fills 1 half
1) What are pleural membranes?
2) What is intrapleural space filled with? - answer 1) wet epithelial surfaces, cover the
