NR565 Advanced Pharmacology
Fundamentals Study Guide Updated
Pharmacokinetics - Answer The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - Answer The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - Answer Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - Answer Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - Answer substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - Answer xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the production of
cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - Answer responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are
oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - Answer Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
,Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - Answer -Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
CYP450 Inducers - Answer Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism by
elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the
"parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - Answer CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - Answer Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450
enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - Answer VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
,Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - Answer -potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or
medication-syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older
adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - Answer when one medication systemically alters the potency of another
medication.
Absorption Interaction - Answer result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - Answer caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available at the
various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - Answer concentration of the medication after biotransformation into active
and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction - Answer the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by altering a
metabolite from the body.
Pharmacodynamic Interactions - Answer does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another medication at
its site of action
Practice Authority - Answer refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without physician
oversight
, prescriptive authority - Answer refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe medications.
Full-practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients, diagnose,
order and interpret tests, initiate and manage treatments and prescribe medications, including
controlled substances without physician oversight.
Reduced-practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of practice. The
state requires a formal collaborative agreement with an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of practice by
requiring supervision, delegation, or team management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script - Answer DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone - Answer Schedule II drugs
Acute Pain - Answer An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by trauma and
acute medical conditions or treatment.
Types of Acute Pain - Answer Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Chronic pain - Answer episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be intermittent or
continuous
Referred Pain - Answer pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Acute Somatic Pain - Answer -Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
Fundamentals Study Guide Updated
Pharmacokinetics - Answer The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body,
metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - Answer The study of what the drug does to the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - Answer Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - Answer Blood flow to tissues
Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - Answer substances that are foreign to the body, usually synthetic chemical compounds;
medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - Answer xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes necessary for the production of
cholesterol and steroids and the detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - Answer responsible for phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are
oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - Answer Oxidation; Reduction; Hydrolysis
,Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - Answer -Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
CYP450 Inducers - Answer Medications that can increase the rate of another drug's metabolism by
elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the
"parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - Answer CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - Answer Medications that inhibit the metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450
enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity; prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - Answer VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
,Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - Answer -potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-disease or
medication-syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney function in older
adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - Answer when one medication systemically alters the potency of another
medication.
Absorption Interaction - Answer result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - Answer caused by the amount of unbound/free medications available at the
various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - Answer concentration of the medication after biotransformation into active
and inactive metabolites in higher or lower than expected.
Elimination Interaction - Answer the body's ability to eliminate medications in pure form or by altering a
metabolite from the body.
Pharmacodynamic Interactions - Answer does not alter or impact absorption, distribution, metabolism,
or elimination because of the one medication's ability to manipulate the effect of another medication at
its site of action
Practice Authority - Answer refers to the nurse practitioner's ability to practice without physician
oversight
, prescriptive authority - Answer refers to the nurse practitioner's authority to prescribe medications.
Full-practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners have the autonomy to evaluate patients, diagnose,
order and interpret tests, initiate and manage treatments and prescribe medications, including
controlled substances without physician oversight.
Reduced-practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of practice. The
state requires a formal collaborative agreement with an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Restricted practice scope - Answer Nurse practitioners are limited in at least one element of practice by
requiring supervision, delegation, or team management by an outside health discipline for the nurse
practitioner to provide patient care.
Drugs that cannot be ordered via E-Script - Answer DEA Scheduled Drugs
Drugs that cannot be prescribed or refilled via phone - Answer Schedule II drugs
Acute Pain - Answer An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by trauma and
acute medical conditions or treatment.
Types of Acute Pain - Answer Referred Pain
Acute Somatic Pain
Acute visceral pain
Chronic pain - Answer episode of pain that lasts for 6 months or longer; may be intermittent or
continuous
Referred Pain - Answer pain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates
Acute Somatic Pain - Answer -Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
