Microbiology Bio205 Rio Salado Final Exam
Essays
1.Describe the differences between deletion, insertion, substitution, and
non- sense mutations. Provide an example of each using the following piece
of DNA: TAC CAG ATA CAC TCC CCT GCT ACT. Indicate if any of the
mutations are frameshift, nonsense, or missense mutations.: Mutations
occur when a base sequence of DNA is permanently changed (Tortora,
Funke, & Case, 2016). Mutations can either be harmful to an organism
or beneficial depending how it alters a cell and its activity.
A deletion mutation occurs when a section of DNA is deleted and an
insertion mutation occurs when extra base pairs are added into a new
place in the DNA (Types of mutations, 2004). An example of an insertion
mutation from the piece of DNA above would be if bases were added, so
an insertion in the chain could be CAG ATA TGG CAC. The bases that
were inserted would be the base sequence TGG. If this sequence were
added, bases would be paired to the DNA sequence and may even
cause a disease. An example of a deletion mutation would be, CAG ATA
CAT CCC, the base C was removed from the sequence CAC and
therefore caused the whole chain to be changed and incorrect. These
mutations of insertion and deletion of base pairs would be characterized
as frameshift mutations because frameshift mutations occur when one
to a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA (Tortora,
Funke, & Case, 2016). A substitution mutation occurs when one base in
the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base, when DNA
replication occurs the base pairs with another base, however because
the original base is incorrect, so is the based pair. For example if the
base T in the sequence TAC above was substituted for a G, then the
base G would be paired with a C, and the base pair would be GC instead
of the correct pair, which would be TA. This mutation would be
characterized as a missense mutation because it involved base
substitution (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2016). A nonsense mutation is
when an incorrect base substitution creates a stop codon in the middle
,of synthesizing a protein. This results in the protein chain not being fully
completed and therefore, the protein could be nonfunctional. For
example, if the sequence CAG above were being referenced, the C base
would be replaced with a U base and therefore it would result in the
sequence of UAG, which is a stop codon. This codon would then shut
down the protein synthesis and consequently, there would be no
following sequences after
it (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2016). Recognizing the differences between
genetic
mutations would be valuable and useful knowledge to me as a Nurse. If
one of my patients had Huntington's disease for example, I would be
able to recognize that their disease resulted from a frameshift mutation.
I would know that a frameshift mutation caused my patient's
neurological disorder, because this disease is caused by a significant
number of bases being inserted into a gene (Tortora, Funke, & Case,
,2016) With this information I could better identify which methods of
treatment would be most beneficial to the patient.
2.Translate the DNA code below to the correct chain of amino acids
(protein). Make mention of each step of the process, with explanation of
what is going on (brief explanation of each step).
DNA code = T A C T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T A T C
mRNA code =: DNA code = T A C T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T A T C
mRNA code = The mRNA code is A U G A A U G G C U C U A A G A A C A
AAUAG
This would be sequence because mRNA has uracil instead of thymine
for comple- mentary base pairing
AT (at the)
GC (golf course)
AU (arizona university)
During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand
of RNA from one strand of double stranded DNA, which serves as a
template. Translation begins at AUG, which is the region of DNA that is
the terminator of transcription. Translation, or protein synthesis, is the
process that is used for decoding the language of nucleic acids and
converting the information into the language of proteins.
The process of transcription starts off with RNA polymerase binding to th
promoter, and DNA unwinding at the beginning of a gene. Next, RNA is
synthesized by complementary base pairing of free nucleotides with the
nucleotide bases on the template strand of DNA. After that, the site of
synthesis moves along DNA and the DNA that has been transcribed
rewinds. Then, transcription reaches the terminator. Finally, RNA and RN
polymerase are released and the DNA helix re-forms.
The process of translation starts off with two ribosomal subunits, a tRNA
with the anticodon UAC, and the mRNA molecule to be translated along
with additional protein factors to start the process. The first tRNA binds
to the start codon, bringing with it the amino acid methionine. When the
tRNA that recognizes the second codon moves into position on the
ribosome, the first amino acid is transferred by the ribosome. After the
ribosome joins the two amino acids with a peptide bond, the first tRNA
molecule leaves the ribosome. The ribosome then moves along the
, mRNA to the next codon. As the proper amino acids are brought into
line one by one, peptide bonds are formed between them, and a
polypeptide chain results.
Translation ends when one of the three nonsense codons in the mRNA is
reached.
Essays
1.Describe the differences between deletion, insertion, substitution, and
non- sense mutations. Provide an example of each using the following piece
of DNA: TAC CAG ATA CAC TCC CCT GCT ACT. Indicate if any of the
mutations are frameshift, nonsense, or missense mutations.: Mutations
occur when a base sequence of DNA is permanently changed (Tortora,
Funke, & Case, 2016). Mutations can either be harmful to an organism
or beneficial depending how it alters a cell and its activity.
A deletion mutation occurs when a section of DNA is deleted and an
insertion mutation occurs when extra base pairs are added into a new
place in the DNA (Types of mutations, 2004). An example of an insertion
mutation from the piece of DNA above would be if bases were added, so
an insertion in the chain could be CAG ATA TGG CAC. The bases that
were inserted would be the base sequence TGG. If this sequence were
added, bases would be paired to the DNA sequence and may even
cause a disease. An example of a deletion mutation would be, CAG ATA
CAT CCC, the base C was removed from the sequence CAC and
therefore caused the whole chain to be changed and incorrect. These
mutations of insertion and deletion of base pairs would be characterized
as frameshift mutations because frameshift mutations occur when one
to a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA (Tortora,
Funke, & Case, 2016). A substitution mutation occurs when one base in
the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base, when DNA
replication occurs the base pairs with another base, however because
the original base is incorrect, so is the based pair. For example if the
base T in the sequence TAC above was substituted for a G, then the
base G would be paired with a C, and the base pair would be GC instead
of the correct pair, which would be TA. This mutation would be
characterized as a missense mutation because it involved base
substitution (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2016). A nonsense mutation is
when an incorrect base substitution creates a stop codon in the middle
,of synthesizing a protein. This results in the protein chain not being fully
completed and therefore, the protein could be nonfunctional. For
example, if the sequence CAG above were being referenced, the C base
would be replaced with a U base and therefore it would result in the
sequence of UAG, which is a stop codon. This codon would then shut
down the protein synthesis and consequently, there would be no
following sequences after
it (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2016). Recognizing the differences between
genetic
mutations would be valuable and useful knowledge to me as a Nurse. If
one of my patients had Huntington's disease for example, I would be
able to recognize that their disease resulted from a frameshift mutation.
I would know that a frameshift mutation caused my patient's
neurological disorder, because this disease is caused by a significant
number of bases being inserted into a gene (Tortora, Funke, & Case,
,2016) With this information I could better identify which methods of
treatment would be most beneficial to the patient.
2.Translate the DNA code below to the correct chain of amino acids
(protein). Make mention of each step of the process, with explanation of
what is going on (brief explanation of each step).
DNA code = T A C T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T A T C
mRNA code =: DNA code = T A C T T A C C G A G A T T C T T G T T T A T C
mRNA code = The mRNA code is A U G A A U G G C U C U A A G A A C A
AAUAG
This would be sequence because mRNA has uracil instead of thymine
for comple- mentary base pairing
AT (at the)
GC (golf course)
AU (arizona university)
During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand
of RNA from one strand of double stranded DNA, which serves as a
template. Translation begins at AUG, which is the region of DNA that is
the terminator of transcription. Translation, or protein synthesis, is the
process that is used for decoding the language of nucleic acids and
converting the information into the language of proteins.
The process of transcription starts off with RNA polymerase binding to th
promoter, and DNA unwinding at the beginning of a gene. Next, RNA is
synthesized by complementary base pairing of free nucleotides with the
nucleotide bases on the template strand of DNA. After that, the site of
synthesis moves along DNA and the DNA that has been transcribed
rewinds. Then, transcription reaches the terminator. Finally, RNA and RN
polymerase are released and the DNA helix re-forms.
The process of translation starts off with two ribosomal subunits, a tRNA
with the anticodon UAC, and the mRNA molecule to be translated along
with additional protein factors to start the process. The first tRNA binds
to the start codon, bringing with it the amino acid methionine. When the
tRNA that recognizes the second codon moves into position on the
ribosome, the first amino acid is transferred by the ribosome. After the
ribosome joins the two amino acids with a peptide bond, the first tRNA
molecule leaves the ribosome. The ribosome then moves along the
, mRNA to the next codon. As the proper amino acids are brought into
line one by one, peptide bonds are formed between them, and a
polypeptide chain results.
Translation ends when one of the three nonsense codons in the mRNA is
reached.
