NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2025 /
2026) Rasmussen
Section 1: Renal Pathophysiology (Questions 1–20)
1. What are the primary functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply)
A. Regulation of blood pressure
B. Protein synthesis
C. Removal of toxins
D. Blood filtration
E. Activate vitamin D
Answer: Regulation of blood pressure, Removal of toxins, Blood filtration, Activate
vitamin D
Rationale: The kidneys regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, remove toxins through filtration, filter blood to form urine, and activate vitamin
D for calcium homeostasis. Protein synthesis occurs primarily in the liver and cellular
ribosomes, not the kidneys.
2. What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Insulin
D. Cortisol
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale: ADH, released by the posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in the
collecting ducts, concentrating urine and regulating fluid balance.
3. Which clinical manifestation is associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy
(BPH)?
A. Increased urine stream
B. Difficulty initiating urine stream
C. Weight loss
D. Fever
Answer: Difficulty initiating urine stream
Rationale: BPH causes prostate enlargement, obstructing the urethra and leading to
difficulty initiating urine stream, hesitancy, and dribbling.
, 4. A patient with renal failure presents with elevated blood pressure. This is most
likely due to:
A. Increased insulin resistance
B. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C. Decreased thyroid hormone production
D. Elevated cortisol levels
Answer: Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Rationale: Renal failure impairs renin regulation, leading to overactivation of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system, causing hypertension.
5. What is a common complication of untreated urinary tract infections in older
adults?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: Untreated urinary tract infections can ascend to the kidneys, causing
pyelonephritis, a serious kidney infection.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with acute kidney injury?
(Select all that apply)
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
E. Hypokalemia
Answer: Hyperkalemia, Hypocalcemia
Rationale: Acute kidney injury impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia,
and reduces vitamin D activation, causing hypocalcemia due to decreased calcium
absorption.
7. A nurse is assessing a patient with chronic kidney disease. Which symptom is
expected?
A. Polyuria
B. Hematuria
C. Edema
D. Increased urine output
Answer: Edema
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease causes fluid retention due to impaired filtration,
leading to edema.
Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2025 /
2026) Rasmussen
Section 1: Renal Pathophysiology (Questions 1–20)
1. What are the primary functions of the kidneys? (Select all that apply)
A. Regulation of blood pressure
B. Protein synthesis
C. Removal of toxins
D. Blood filtration
E. Activate vitamin D
Answer: Regulation of blood pressure, Removal of toxins, Blood filtration, Activate
vitamin D
Rationale: The kidneys regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system, remove toxins through filtration, filter blood to form urine, and activate vitamin
D for calcium homeostasis. Protein synthesis occurs primarily in the liver and cellular
ribosomes, not the kidneys.
2. What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
A. Aldosterone
B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C. Insulin
D. Cortisol
Answer: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Rationale: ADH, released by the posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in the
collecting ducts, concentrating urine and regulating fluid balance.
3. Which clinical manifestation is associated with benign prostatic hypertrophy
(BPH)?
A. Increased urine stream
B. Difficulty initiating urine stream
C. Weight loss
D. Fever
Answer: Difficulty initiating urine stream
Rationale: BPH causes prostate enlargement, obstructing the urethra and leading to
difficulty initiating urine stream, hesitancy, and dribbling.
, 4. A patient with renal failure presents with elevated blood pressure. This is most
likely due to:
A. Increased insulin resistance
B. Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C. Decreased thyroid hormone production
D. Elevated cortisol levels
Answer: Dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Rationale: Renal failure impairs renin regulation, leading to overactivation of the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system, causing hypertension.
5. What is a common complication of untreated urinary tract infections in older
adults?
A. Osteoarthritis
B. Pyelonephritis
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: Pyelonephritis
Rationale: Untreated urinary tract infections can ascend to the kidneys, causing
pyelonephritis, a serious kidney infection.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely in a patient with acute kidney injury?
(Select all that apply)
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hyponatremia
C. Hypocalcemia
D. Hypernatremia
E. Hypokalemia
Answer: Hyperkalemia, Hypocalcemia
Rationale: Acute kidney injury impairs potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia,
and reduces vitamin D activation, causing hypocalcemia due to decreased calcium
absorption.
7. A nurse is assessing a patient with chronic kidney disease. Which symptom is
expected?
A. Polyuria
B. Hematuria
C. Edema
D. Increased urine output
Answer: Edema
Rationale: Chronic kidney disease causes fluid retention due to impaired filtration,
leading to edema.
