social responsibility.#### 4.1 **Artificial Intelligence and Automation**AI and automation are transforming industries, but
important ethical and legal concerns. The ethical issue revolves around the extent to which machines should make decision
human lives. For instance, autonomous vehicles raise concerns about how decisions will be made in life-or-death situation
held accountable if an AI system makes an error? Legal frameworks to regulate AI are still in their infancy, and establishing
accountability and liability for AI decisions remains a major challenge.#### 4.2 **Privacy and Surveillance**Technology als
about privacy and surveillance. With the widespread use of smartphones, social media, and the internet, vast amounts of p
continuously being collected and analyzed. Ethical questions emerge regarding the extent
Solution Manual For
Introductory Chemistry (2nd ed) by Burdge & Driessen
Chapter 1 Atoms and Elements
Practice Problems C
1.1 Only (a) is neutral. The charges on (b) and (c) are +1 and −1, respectively.
1.2 (a) Z = 6, C; (b) Z = 3, Li; (c) Z = 8, O.
1.3 (a) potassium K 19 20 19
(b) beryllium Be 4 5 4
(c) bromine Br 35 46 35
1.4 B: main-group, metalloid
Zn: transition element, metal
K: main-group, metal, alkali metal
1.5 N-14 or 14N, 7 neutrons, 7 protons, 7 electrons
23
N, sodium, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons
1.6 (a) 2000 g; (b) 1500 g; (c) No, the mass of a 50:50 mix would be 1750 g. Average
mass of a 50:50 mix would be 175 g/apple. (d) 155 g.
1.7 287.9786 amu
Key Skills
1.1 a, 1.2 a, 1.3 c, 1.4 c.
Questions and Problems
1.1. A theory (or model) is developed after a hypothesis has been tested extensively
through experimentation. It is something that describes observations and is used to
predict the outcomes of future experiments.
1.2. A scientific law is a concise statement of an observed pattern of
behavior/phenomena.
1.3. A hypothesis is an attempt to explain an observation and is testable.
1.4. A law describes the pattern observed in a collection of data. It leads to a hypothesis
and further experimentation. A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of
experimental observations and the law or laws that are based upon them. A theory
explains past experimental observations and can be used to predict future
observations.
1-2
, 1.5. Yes, an atom can be broken down into electrons, neutrons, and protons. If this is
done, the ‘‘parts’’ do not have the same properties as the atom that we started with.
1.6. Only answer (a) shows cancelled charges because the number of negative and
positive charges is equal.
b. These charges do not cancel -- there is one extra negative charge (21 negative -- 20
positive = 1 negative left).
c. These charges do not cancel----there are three extra negative charges (18 negative -
15 positive = 3 negative left).
d. These charges do not cancel----there are three extra positive charges (16 positive --
13 negative = 3 positive left).
1.7. There would be 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons.
1.8. Protons (+1 charge each) and neutrons (no charge) make up the nucleus of an atom.
A ‘‘cloud’’ of electrons (--1 charge each) make up the largest volume of the atom,
outside of the nucleus.
social responsibility.#### 4.1 **Artificial Intelligence and Automation**AI and automation are transforming
industries, but they also raise important ethical and legal concerns. The ethical issue revolves around the extent to
which machines should make decisions that affect human lives. For instance, autonomous vehicles raise concerns
about how decisions will be made in life-or-death situations. Who should be held accountable if an AI system
makes an error? Legal frameworks to regulate AI are still in their infancy, and establishing clear accountability and
liability for AI decisions remains a major challenge.#### 4.2 **Privacy and Surveillance**Technology also brings
concerns about privacy and surveillance. With the widespread use of smartphones, social media, and the internet,
vast amounts of personal data are continuously being collected and analyzed. Ethical questions emerge regarding
the extent
1.9. a. False. A neutral atom always contains the same number of protons and electrons,
but the number of neutrons can vary, depending on the isotope.
b. True.
c. True.
d. False. An atom is the smallest identifiable piece of an element that retains the
properties of that element.
1.10. Look for the sets of data that contain the same number of protons and electrons. The
number of neutrons does NOT matter because they have no charge.
Only set (a) contains an equal number of protons and electrons and is therefore a
neutral atom.
1.11. Look for the sets of data that contain the same number of protons and electrons. The
number of neutrons does NOT matter because they have no charge.
Answers (b) and (c) represent neutral atoms.
1.12. Remember that green spheres represent electrons (--), blue spheres are protons (+),
and red spheres are neutrons (no charge). If there are the same number of electrons
and protons, the image represents a neutral atom. Images (a) and (c) show neutral
atoms. Image (b) has two protons and five electrons, so the net charge is 3--.
1.13. a. Ca = calcium, C = carbon
b. B = boron, Br = bromine
c. correct
d. correct
important ethical and legal concerns. The ethical issue revolves around the extent to which machines should make decision
human lives. For instance, autonomous vehicles raise concerns about how decisions will be made in life-or-death situation
held accountable if an AI system makes an error? Legal frameworks to regulate AI are still in their infancy, and establishing
accountability and liability for AI decisions remains a major challenge.#### 4.2 **Privacy and Surveillance**Technology als
about privacy and surveillance. With the widespread use of smartphones, social media, and the internet, vast amounts of p
continuously being collected and analyzed. Ethical questions emerge regarding the extent
Solution Manual For
Introductory Chemistry (2nd ed) by Burdge & Driessen
Chapter 1 Atoms and Elements
Practice Problems C
1.1 Only (a) is neutral. The charges on (b) and (c) are +1 and −1, respectively.
1.2 (a) Z = 6, C; (b) Z = 3, Li; (c) Z = 8, O.
1.3 (a) potassium K 19 20 19
(b) beryllium Be 4 5 4
(c) bromine Br 35 46 35
1.4 B: main-group, metalloid
Zn: transition element, metal
K: main-group, metal, alkali metal
1.5 N-14 or 14N, 7 neutrons, 7 protons, 7 electrons
23
N, sodium, 12 neutrons, 11 electrons
1.6 (a) 2000 g; (b) 1500 g; (c) No, the mass of a 50:50 mix would be 1750 g. Average
mass of a 50:50 mix would be 175 g/apple. (d) 155 g.
1.7 287.9786 amu
Key Skills
1.1 a, 1.2 a, 1.3 c, 1.4 c.
Questions and Problems
1.1. A theory (or model) is developed after a hypothesis has been tested extensively
through experimentation. It is something that describes observations and is used to
predict the outcomes of future experiments.
1.2. A scientific law is a concise statement of an observed pattern of
behavior/phenomena.
1.3. A hypothesis is an attempt to explain an observation and is testable.
1.4. A law describes the pattern observed in a collection of data. It leads to a hypothesis
and further experimentation. A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of
experimental observations and the law or laws that are based upon them. A theory
explains past experimental observations and can be used to predict future
observations.
1-2
, 1.5. Yes, an atom can be broken down into electrons, neutrons, and protons. If this is
done, the ‘‘parts’’ do not have the same properties as the atom that we started with.
1.6. Only answer (a) shows cancelled charges because the number of negative and
positive charges is equal.
b. These charges do not cancel -- there is one extra negative charge (21 negative -- 20
positive = 1 negative left).
c. These charges do not cancel----there are three extra negative charges (18 negative -
15 positive = 3 negative left).
d. These charges do not cancel----there are three extra positive charges (16 positive --
13 negative = 3 positive left).
1.7. There would be 2 protons, 2 electrons, and 2 neutrons.
1.8. Protons (+1 charge each) and neutrons (no charge) make up the nucleus of an atom.
A ‘‘cloud’’ of electrons (--1 charge each) make up the largest volume of the atom,
outside of the nucleus.
social responsibility.#### 4.1 **Artificial Intelligence and Automation**AI and automation are transforming
industries, but they also raise important ethical and legal concerns. The ethical issue revolves around the extent to
which machines should make decisions that affect human lives. For instance, autonomous vehicles raise concerns
about how decisions will be made in life-or-death situations. Who should be held accountable if an AI system
makes an error? Legal frameworks to regulate AI are still in their infancy, and establishing clear accountability and
liability for AI decisions remains a major challenge.#### 4.2 **Privacy and Surveillance**Technology also brings
concerns about privacy and surveillance. With the widespread use of smartphones, social media, and the internet,
vast amounts of personal data are continuously being collected and analyzed. Ethical questions emerge regarding
the extent
1.9. a. False. A neutral atom always contains the same number of protons and electrons,
but the number of neutrons can vary, depending on the isotope.
b. True.
c. True.
d. False. An atom is the smallest identifiable piece of an element that retains the
properties of that element.
1.10. Look for the sets of data that contain the same number of protons and electrons. The
number of neutrons does NOT matter because they have no charge.
Only set (a) contains an equal number of protons and electrons and is therefore a
neutral atom.
1.11. Look for the sets of data that contain the same number of protons and electrons. The
number of neutrons does NOT matter because they have no charge.
Answers (b) and (c) represent neutral atoms.
1.12. Remember that green spheres represent electrons (--), blue spheres are protons (+),
and red spheres are neutrons (no charge). If there are the same number of electrons
and protons, the image represents a neutral atom. Images (a) and (c) show neutral
atoms. Image (b) has two protons and five electrons, so the net charge is 3--.
1.13. a. Ca = calcium, C = carbon
b. B = boron, Br = bromine
c. correct
d. correct
