NURS 6501N ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM |
WALDEN UNIVERSITY | COMPLETE ACTUAL TEST WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS (2025–2026)
A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the
following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?
Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an
action potential?
Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the
membrane potential from negative to positive.
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would
reveal which of the following?
Answer: XXY
In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include
regarding cholesterol?
Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which
reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene
Answer: Autosomal recessive
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as:
Answer: Sodium
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:
Answer: Reduced protein synthesis
,A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the
nurse looking for?
Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying
degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the
aide?
Answer: Expressivity
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from
diseases?
Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to
result from cell injury.
What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an
absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her
features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at
the elbow, and sparse body hair.
Answer: Turner syndrome
What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?
Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development
A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair
appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis?
Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Answer: Decreased ATP production
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that
the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe
this condition?
Answer: Tetraploidy
, Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?
Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would
most of the genetic information be contained?
Answer: Nucleolus
The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome.
What is the nurse describing?
Answer: Maternal nondisjunction
A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission
of this disease is associated with:
Answer: Delayed age of onset
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's
best response?
Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35
A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that
oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:
Answer: Plasma proteins
The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same
direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?
Answer: Symport
Hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than
normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4
diabetic ketoacidosis
acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the
body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids
instead of glucose) for energy
WALDEN UNIVERSITY | COMPLETE ACTUAL TEST WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS (2025–2026)
A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the
following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?
Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis
What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an
action potential?
Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the
membrane potential from negative to positive.
A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would
reveal which of the following?
Answer: XXY
In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include
regarding cholesterol?
Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which
reduces its ability to carry oxygen.
When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond?
Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene
Answer: Autosomal recessive
How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes?
Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as:
Answer: Sodium
The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in:
Answer: Reduced protein synthesis
,A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the
nurse looking for?
Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying
degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the
aide?
Answer: Expressivity
What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from
diseases?
Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to
result from cell injury.
What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an
absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her
features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at
the elbow, and sparse body hair.
Answer: Turner syndrome
What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction?
Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development
A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair
appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis?
Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine)
Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:
Answer: Decreased ATP production
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that
the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe
this condition?
Answer: Tetraploidy
, Why is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells?
Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would
most of the genetic information be contained?
Answer: Nucleolus
The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome.
What is the nurse describing?
Answer: Maternal nondisjunction
A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission
of this disease is associated with:
Answer: Delayed age of onset
A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's
best response?
Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35
A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that
oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by:
Answer: Plasma proteins
The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same
direction is an example of which of the following types of transport?
Answer: Symport
Hypothyroidism
A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than
normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4
diabetic ketoacidosis
acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the
body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids
instead of glucose) for energy
