Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
COMSAE 107 STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL EXAM 2025/2026
COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) WITH RATIONALES |ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Dysgerminoma - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor. Malignant, equivalent to
male seminoma but rarer. Associated with Turner Syndrome. Tumor markers are
hCG, LDH. Sheets of uniform cells. Large Cells with clear cytoplasm and central
nuclie. Most common malignant germ cell tumor. is of many egg like germ cells.
good prognosis to radiotherapy.
Choriocarcinoma - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell tumor. Rare but malignant. can
develop during or after malignancy of trophoblastic tissue chorionic villi are NOT
present. Increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts. Along with moles, comprise
spectrum of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Early Hematogenous spread to
lungs. Tumor marker is hCG. Is a malignant proliferation of trophobolastic tissue
with no villi. It can spread quickly cause it is genetically programmed to invade and
find blood vessels. has a poor response to chemo.
Yolk Sac (endodermal sinus) Tumor - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors.
Aggressive malignancy in ovaries (testes in boys) and sacrococcygeal area of
children. Yellow, friable, solid masses. 50% have schiller-Duval bodies (resemble
glomeruli). is the most common germ cell tumor in kids and makes AFP so that is
its tumor marker.
Teratoma - ANSWER-ovarian germ cell tumor. contains cells from 2 or 3 germ
layers. Mature teratoma ("dermoid cyst") most common ovarian germ cell tumorl
mostly benign.
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, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
Immature teratoma is aggressively malignant.
Struma ovarri - contains functional thyroid tissue. can present as hyperthyroidism.
tissue IN the teratoma can have cancer.
Brenner Tumor - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. Benign and unilateral.
looks like bladder. solid tumor that is pale yellow-tan in color and appears
encapsulated. "coffee bean: nuclei on H&E staining. is made of surface epithelium.
contains "urothelium"
Krukenberg tumor - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. is a primary GI
malignancy that metastasizes to the ovaries, causing a mucin secreting signet cell
adenocarcinoma. a signet cell is a cell where the nucleas is pushed off to the side.
Serous Cystadenoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. is cystic and from
surface epithelium. is from water and is benign. frequently bilateral, lined with
fallopian tube - like epithelium. which have an increase in CA-125 which is the
general ovarian cancer marker. good for monitoring progression, not for
screening.
single cyst with flat lining usually 30-40 years old, surface epithelium. present late,
poor prognosis and extend to involve peritoneam.
Serious Cystadenocarcinoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumors. is cystic
and is from surface epithelium. malignant and frequently bilateral. psammoma
bodies are seen on histology. risk factors include BRCA - 1 BRCA - 2 and HNPCC.
significant genetic predisposition makes family history the most important risk
factor.
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, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
malignant clear invasion of cells in CT. larger tumor with complicated cysts with
thick shaggy lining. usually post menopausal women 60-70 years of age.
Mucinous Cystadenoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. mucous, from
surface epithelium. multiocular cyst lined by mucous secreting epithelium. benign,
intestine like tissue.
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma - ANSWER-malignant. pseudomyxoma peritonei -
intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal
tumor
Fibromas - ANSWER-non ovarian germ cell tumors. sex cord stromal. Fibromas,.
bundles of spindle shaped fibroblasts. meigs' syndrome - triad of ovarian fibroma,
ascites and hydrothorax. with a pulling sensation of the groin.
Granulosa theca cell tumor. - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. sex chord
stromal. develops in many ages. secretes estrogen - precosious puberty in young
kids. can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults. call exner bodies -
small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions. abnormal uterine bleeding in
adults.
leuprolide - ANSWER-GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in a
pulsatile fashion; antagonist properties when used in continuous fashion (down
regulates GnRH receptor in pituitary which leads to a decrease in FSH/LH.
used for infertility (pulsatile), prostate cancer (continuous - with flutamade),
uterine fibroids (continuous), precocious puberty (continuous).
toxicity - antiandrogen, nausea, vomiting.
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, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
Testosterone, methyltestosterone - ANSWER-agonist at androgen receptors. used
to treat hypogonadism and promotes development of secondary sex
characteristics; stimulation of anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury.
causes masculinization in females; reduces intratesticular testosterone in males by
inhibiting release of LH ( via negative feetback), leading to gonadal atrophy.
premature closure of epiphyseal plates which leads to an increase in LDL and
decrease in HDL.
finasteride - ANSWER-antiandrogen - is a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor that
decreases the conversion of testosterone to DHT. It is useful in BPH and it
promotes hair growth so it can be used in male pattern baldness.
to prevent male pattern hair loss, give a drug that will encourage female breast
growth.
Flutamide - ANSWER-a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at the
testosterone receptor. used in prostate carcinoma.
Ketoconazole - ANSWER-inhibits steroid synthesis (inhibits 17, 20 - desmolase)
ketoconazole and spironolactone are used in the treatment of polycystic ovarian
syndrome.
decreases CYP 450
side effects of gynecomastia and amenorrhea
spironolactone - ANSWER-inhibits steroid binding
4|Page
COMSAE 107 STUDY GUIDE ACTUAL EXAM 2025/2026
COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) WITH RATIONALES |ALREADY GRADED
A+||BRAND NEW VERSION!!
Dysgerminoma - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor. Malignant, equivalent to
male seminoma but rarer. Associated with Turner Syndrome. Tumor markers are
hCG, LDH. Sheets of uniform cells. Large Cells with clear cytoplasm and central
nuclie. Most common malignant germ cell tumor. is of many egg like germ cells.
good prognosis to radiotherapy.
Choriocarcinoma - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell tumor. Rare but malignant. can
develop during or after malignancy of trophoblastic tissue chorionic villi are NOT
present. Increased frequency of theca-lutein cysts. Along with moles, comprise
spectrum of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Early Hematogenous spread to
lungs. Tumor marker is hCG. Is a malignant proliferation of trophobolastic tissue
with no villi. It can spread quickly cause it is genetically programmed to invade and
find blood vessels. has a poor response to chemo.
Yolk Sac (endodermal sinus) Tumor - ANSWER-Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors.
Aggressive malignancy in ovaries (testes in boys) and sacrococcygeal area of
children. Yellow, friable, solid masses. 50% have schiller-Duval bodies (resemble
glomeruli). is the most common germ cell tumor in kids and makes AFP so that is
its tumor marker.
Teratoma - ANSWER-ovarian germ cell tumor. contains cells from 2 or 3 germ
layers. Mature teratoma ("dermoid cyst") most common ovarian germ cell tumorl
mostly benign.
1|Page
, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
Immature teratoma is aggressively malignant.
Struma ovarri - contains functional thyroid tissue. can present as hyperthyroidism.
tissue IN the teratoma can have cancer.
Brenner Tumor - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. Benign and unilateral.
looks like bladder. solid tumor that is pale yellow-tan in color and appears
encapsulated. "coffee bean: nuclei on H&E staining. is made of surface epithelium.
contains "urothelium"
Krukenberg tumor - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. is a primary GI
malignancy that metastasizes to the ovaries, causing a mucin secreting signet cell
adenocarcinoma. a signet cell is a cell where the nucleas is pushed off to the side.
Serous Cystadenoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. is cystic and from
surface epithelium. is from water and is benign. frequently bilateral, lined with
fallopian tube - like epithelium. which have an increase in CA-125 which is the
general ovarian cancer marker. good for monitoring progression, not for
screening.
single cyst with flat lining usually 30-40 years old, surface epithelium. present late,
poor prognosis and extend to involve peritoneam.
Serious Cystadenocarcinoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumors. is cystic
and is from surface epithelium. malignant and frequently bilateral. psammoma
bodies are seen on histology. risk factors include BRCA - 1 BRCA - 2 and HNPCC.
significant genetic predisposition makes family history the most important risk
factor.
2|Page
, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
malignant clear invasion of cells in CT. larger tumor with complicated cysts with
thick shaggy lining. usually post menopausal women 60-70 years of age.
Mucinous Cystadenoma - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. mucous, from
surface epithelium. multiocular cyst lined by mucous secreting epithelium. benign,
intestine like tissue.
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma - ANSWER-malignant. pseudomyxoma peritonei -
intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material from ovarian or appendiceal
tumor
Fibromas - ANSWER-non ovarian germ cell tumors. sex cord stromal. Fibromas,.
bundles of spindle shaped fibroblasts. meigs' syndrome - triad of ovarian fibroma,
ascites and hydrothorax. with a pulling sensation of the groin.
Granulosa theca cell tumor. - ANSWER-ovarian non germ cell tumor. sex chord
stromal. develops in many ages. secretes estrogen - precosious puberty in young
kids. can cause endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma in adults. call exner bodies -
small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions. abnormal uterine bleeding in
adults.
leuprolide - ANSWER-GnRH analog with agonist properties when used in a
pulsatile fashion; antagonist properties when used in continuous fashion (down
regulates GnRH receptor in pituitary which leads to a decrease in FSH/LH.
used for infertility (pulsatile), prostate cancer (continuous - with flutamade),
uterine fibroids (continuous), precocious puberty (continuous).
toxicity - antiandrogen, nausea, vomiting.
3|Page
, Comsae 107 Study Guide ACTUAL EXAM
Testosterone, methyltestosterone - ANSWER-agonist at androgen receptors. used
to treat hypogonadism and promotes development of secondary sex
characteristics; stimulation of anabolism to promote recovery after burn or injury.
causes masculinization in females; reduces intratesticular testosterone in males by
inhibiting release of LH ( via negative feetback), leading to gonadal atrophy.
premature closure of epiphyseal plates which leads to an increase in LDL and
decrease in HDL.
finasteride - ANSWER-antiandrogen - is a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor that
decreases the conversion of testosterone to DHT. It is useful in BPH and it
promotes hair growth so it can be used in male pattern baldness.
to prevent male pattern hair loss, give a drug that will encourage female breast
growth.
Flutamide - ANSWER-a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at the
testosterone receptor. used in prostate carcinoma.
Ketoconazole - ANSWER-inhibits steroid synthesis (inhibits 17, 20 - desmolase)
ketoconazole and spironolactone are used in the treatment of polycystic ovarian
syndrome.
decreases CYP 450
side effects of gynecomastia and amenorrhea
spironolactone - ANSWER-inhibits steroid binding
4|Page
