COMPREHENSIVE MDC 2 EXAM 1 COMPLETE QUESTIONS 2025 UPDATED ALREADY VERIFIED BY EXPERTS GRADED A+

COMPREHENSIVE MDC 2 EXAM 1
COMPLETE QUESTIONS 2025
UPDATED ALREADY VERIFIED BY
EXPERTS GRADED A+
Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at
the wrong time

Benign Cell Features - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes

Benign cell looks similar to a - CORRECT ANSWER>>>healthy cell

Examples of Benign cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis

Malignant cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>indicates cancer and can be harmful to
normal body tissues and result in death

Malignant cell features - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)

Seven warning signs of cancer - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o C-Change in bowel or
bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c

1

,o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer development stages of malignancy - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis

Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Normal cells are damaged
and irreversible

Promotion - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of
malignant cells

Progression - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Increase in production of malignant cells

Metastasis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Cells move from primary site to the rest of the
body

Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>cancer development

Cancer classification - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
o Doubling time and mitotic index

Grading - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Looking under microscope and determine
level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation

Ploidy - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Number of chromosomes

Staging - CORRECT ANSWER>>>How large is the primary tumor and how far has it
spread

TNM - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)

Doubling time and mitotic index - CORRECT ANSWER>>>Period of time required for
that quantity to double in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized

2

, o Stage 4= Spread across the body

Cancer prevention primary - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)

Cancer prevention secondary - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test

Cancer prevention tertiary - CORRECT ANSWER>>>People who are already affected
and getting treatment (examples below)
o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.

Types of cancers - CORRECT ANSWER>>>carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma,
lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma

Carcinoma - CORRECT ANSWER>>>malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues

Sarcoma - CORRECT ANSWER>>>malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues

Melanoma - CORRECT ANSWER>>>pigment producing skin cancer

Lymphoma - CORRECT ANSWER>>>malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue

Leukemia - CORRECT ANSWER>>>white blood cell tumor

Blastoma - CORRECT ANSWER>>>malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal
tissue

Lab Diagnostic Tests - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests

Imaging Diagnostic Tests - CORRECT ANSWER>>>o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans



3