,TESTBANK for Human Development A Life-Span
View , 9th Edition Robert V. Kail
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
1. The scientific study of human development can best be described as ___________.
a. multidisciplinary
b. focused on groups rather than individuals
c. non-theoretical
d. emphasizing stability over change
ANSWER: a
2. Which term in this group is different from the others?
a. experiential
b. nurture
c. environmental
d. hereditary
ANSWER: d
3. Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position with regard to the origins of intellectual disabilities. Therefore,
they would most likely believe that intellectual disability is due to _____________.
a. parenting style
b. genetics and heredity
c. exposure to toxins
d. exposure to disease
ANSWER: b
4. The notion that development is best described as a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the
____ approach.
a. nature
b. nurture
c. continuity
d. discontinuity
ANSWER: d
5. A daycare, groups the children into categories called “pre-K,” “K-3,” and the “upper-elementary.”
These ideas are most compatible with a ____ view.
a. context-specificity
b. hereditary
c. continuity
d. discontinuity
ANSWER: d
6. Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-breakers throughout their
childhood or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. This research is most concerned with which
issue of human development?
a. nature versus nurture
b. universal versus context-specific development
c. biological versus sociocultural forces
d. continuity versus discontinuity
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: d
7. Mustafa is interested in determining whether children develop virtually the same way in Algeria as they
do in other parts of the world. Mustafa’s research is an example of which issue of human development?
a. psychological versus biological forces
b. universal versus context-specific development
c. nature versus nurture
d. continuity versus discontinuity
ANSWER: b
8. When Clarisse says, “It doesn’t matter what country they are from, kids are kids,” they are endorsing
which position on human development?
a. discontinuous
b. universal
c. nurture
d. context-specific
ANSWER: b
9. Viviana notices that children seem to mature socially much faster in Costa Rica than in Canada.
Viviana is most likely to support which position regarding human development?
a. nature
b. discontinuous
c. context-specific
d. continuous
ANSWER: c
10. Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, “Genetic and cultural factors are important,
but they alone cannot explain the development of human beings.” Which idea is Lotte’s professor is
supporting?
a. biopsychosocial framework
b. continuous development perspective
c. notion of universality
d. concept of discontinuity
ANSWER: a
11. Because Dr. Bryant is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by the same
major events, Dr. Bryant is most interested in studying ____ forces.
a. psychological
b. biological
c. life-cycle
d. sociocultural
ANSWER: c
12. When asked why Yvonne ended up in jail, Jaketta says, “Yvonne was always a mean, aggressive
person who liked hurting people.” Jaketta believes Yvonne’s development is a result of _______ forces.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
a. sociocultural
b. normative age-graded
c. normative history-graded
d. psychological
ANSWER: d
13. Benoit is interested in studying the effects of various biological forces on human development. Which
topic is probably of least interest to them?
a. cognition
b. brain maturation
c. menopause
d. exercise
ANSWER: a
14. Which of the following fields is defined as the study of the brain, nervous system, and the brain-
behavior relationship?
a. biology
b. neuroscience
c. anthropology
d. sociology
ANSWER: b
15. Which of the following is considered a “psychological force”?
a. neighborhood
b. genetics
c. personality
d. heredity
ANSWER: c
16. Many children resemble their biological parents and share some personality traits, which provides
evidence to support the role of____ influences.
a. psychological
b. sociocultural
c. non-normative
d. biological
ANSWER: b
17. Thuy and Minh are identical twins who were separated at birth. Thuy was raised in the United States,
whereas Minh spent her childhood in Austria. Which force would likely explain most of the differences
between their behaviors as teens?
a. psychological
b. nature-based
c. biological
d. sociocultural
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: d
18. Which of the following statement is true regarding the study of human development?
a. Psychological factors are the primary focus, and sociocultural and biological factors are
ignored.
b. Sociocultural factors are the primary focus, and psychological and biological factors are
ignored.
c. Biological influences are a necessary component, in addition to psychological and
sociocultural factors.
d. Sociocultural and psychological factors are the primary focus, and biological factors are
ignored.
ANSWER: c
19. Pei identifies as Asian and as a woman. She feels that her experiences reflect more than those of all
Asians, and also more than all women. That is, her experiences are unique to being an Asian woman. She
is describing ___________.
a. ethnicity
b. culture
c. intersectionality
d. personality
ANSWER: c
20. A family is moving to a new city in a different part of the country. Their four-year-old child is very
happy and makes the transition easily, whereas their 12-year-old child is unhappy and has a very difficult
time adjusting to the move. Which set of factors best explains the different responses of the children?
a. biological factors
b. sociocultural factors
c. personality factors
d. life-cycle factors
ANSWER: d
21. When Alfonso says, “It would have been tough to be a father at age 21, but being one at age 28 is
easier,” he is noting the important role of which factors in human development?
a. biological
b. life-cycle
c. sociocultural
d. psychological
ANSWER: b
22. Which statement best exemplifies the basic premise of life-cycle forces?
a. Biological forces play a small role once a person reaches puberty.
b. Unconscious desires are the basis for most human behavior.
c. The timing of the event within an individual’s developmental trajectory influences outcome.
d. The forces that influence human behavior are too complex to identify through empirical
research.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: c
23. Several connected ideas to explain ideas an observation is best described as a(n) ____.
a. experiment
b. theory
c. study
d. mesosystem
ANSWER: b
24. Which of the following theories places the least emphasis on biological forces?
a. behavioral
b. ecological
c. social cognitive
d. psychodynamic
ANSWER: d
25. When asked to explain why teenage gang membership is rising, Dr. Baurer responds, “Generally
speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes
them to do.” It is most likely that Dr. Baurer would be a proponent of ____ theory.
a. psychodynamic
b. social cognitive
c. ecological
d. cognitive-developmental
ANSWER: a
26. Who is most associated with psychosocial theory?
a. Erikson
b. Bandura
c. Watson
d. Freud
ANSWER: a
27. The epigenetic principle is a key component of ____ theory.
a. social cognitive
b. ecological
c. information-processing
d. psychosocial
ANSWER: d
28. Nico wishes to explore new activities, challenge his skills, and understand himself better. According
to Erik Erikson, Nico is in which stage of psychosocial development?
a. generativity vs. stagnation
b. identity vs. identity confusion
c. autonomy vs. shame
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
d. basic trust vs. mistrust
ANSWER: b
29. The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is
the cornerstone of whose theory of development?
a. Bandura’s
b. Erikson’s
c. Skinner’s
d. Vygotsky’s
ANSWER: b
30. How would Erik Erikson respond to the statement “Stages of development are biologically fixed
throughout the lifespan”?
a. He would agree that everyone goes through different stages depending on their age.
b. He would disagree and point out that there is no “normal” progression of human development.
c. He would disagree and point out that culture influences the trajectory of human development.
d. He would say nothing because he focused on development between birth and adolescence.
ANSWER: a
31. The idea that consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in
the future is called _______________.
a. the life-span perspective
b. the epigenetic principle
c. universal development
d. operant conditioning
ANSWER: d
32. Because they completed their history assignment, Ramie is excused from having to wash the dishes, a
task Ramie detests. Ramie’s parents are using which strategy to increase Ramie’s studying?
a. positive reinforcement
b. punishment
c. extinction
d. negative reinforcement
ANSWER: d
33. A child’s grandparents always buy new toys when the child visits. As a result, the child frequently
requests to visit their grandparents. This is an example of ____________.
a. reinforcement
b. extinction
c. punishment
d. psychoanalysis
ANSWER: a
34. In operant conditioning theory, reinforcement is to punishment as _____________.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
a. increasing is to decreasing
b. giving is to taking
c. unwanted is to wanted
d. good is to bad
ANSWER: a
35. Zhang is attempting to alter the behavior of his son by manipulating the consequences of his son’s
actions. Zhang is practicing ______________.
a. social learning theory
b. negative reinforcement
c. operant conditioning
d. ecological theory
ANSWER: c
36. An effective punishment _________________.
a. causes some physical pain or psychological harm
b. increases the likelihood that behavior will occur in the future
c. reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future
d. eventually becomes ineffective at changing behavior
ANSWER: c
37. Marta finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her undesirable behavior, the behavior
increases in frequency. Based on this, Marta’s talks would be considered ______________.
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. suppression
d. ineffective
ANSWER: b
38. In an elementary school classroom, students who do not complete their homework lose time at recess.
Losing recess is an example of which technique to increase homework completion?
a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. Imitation
ANSWER: a
39. Imitation is most closely related to the concept of ____________.
a. positive reinforcement
b. life-cycle forces
c. selective optimization
d. observational learning
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
40. Even though Bonita was never reinforced for doing so, the frequency of their studying increased after
their friend Gemma get a lot of attention for studying. This is most likely an example of _________.
a. observational learning
b. operant conditioning
c. punishment
d. self-efficacy
ANSWER: a
41. Adem is doing a study in which lacrosse players are interviewed about their role on the team and
perceived capabilities for playing in Saturday’s game. Adem is assessing the players’ ______________.
a. life-cycle forces
b. exosystems
c. internal maturational plans
d. self-efficacy
ANSWER: d
42. Alberto has been practicing for months and believes he can successfully ski down a steep mountain.
In regards to his skiing, Alberto most likely has ______________.
a. reached formal operations
b. high self-efficacy
c. resolved the industry vs. inferiority stage
d. been negatively reinforced
ANSWER: b
43. Dr. Linh encourages his students to be independent learners by having them watch how more
advanced students research answers to questions. Dr. Linh is using principles of ____.
a. social learning theory
b. operant conditioning
c. cognitive-developmental theory
d. psychosocial theory
ANSWER: a
44. Who would most likely explain a child’s maladaptive behavior by saying, “They probably saw some
TV character do that”?
a. Abdul, who is a behaviorist.
b. Ismael, who is a social learning theorist.
c. Masnoon, who is a Freudian theorist.
d. Gerard, who is a Piagetian theorist.
ANSWER: b
45. Dr. Sefky says, “Sure, reinforcement and punishment are important, but how people interpret
reinforcement and punishment is even more important.” Given this statement, Dr. Sefky’s view is
describing _________.
a. operant conditioning
b. social cognitive theory
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
View , 9th Edition Robert V. Kail
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
1. The scientific study of human development can best be described as ___________.
a. multidisciplinary
b. focused on groups rather than individuals
c. non-theoretical
d. emphasizing stability over change
ANSWER: a
2. Which term in this group is different from the others?
a. experiential
b. nurture
c. environmental
d. hereditary
ANSWER: d
3. Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position with regard to the origins of intellectual disabilities. Therefore,
they would most likely believe that intellectual disability is due to _____________.
a. parenting style
b. genetics and heredity
c. exposure to toxins
d. exposure to disease
ANSWER: b
4. The notion that development is best described as a series of abrupt shifts in behavior best fits with the
____ approach.
a. nature
b. nurture
c. continuity
d. discontinuity
ANSWER: d
5. A daycare, groups the children into categories called “pre-K,” “K-3,” and the “upper-elementary.”
These ideas are most compatible with a ____ view.
a. context-specificity
b. hereditary
c. continuity
d. discontinuity
ANSWER: d
6. Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule-breakers throughout their
childhood or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. This research is most concerned with which
issue of human development?
a. nature versus nurture
b. universal versus context-specific development
c. biological versus sociocultural forces
d. continuity versus discontinuity
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: d
7. Mustafa is interested in determining whether children develop virtually the same way in Algeria as they
do in other parts of the world. Mustafa’s research is an example of which issue of human development?
a. psychological versus biological forces
b. universal versus context-specific development
c. nature versus nurture
d. continuity versus discontinuity
ANSWER: b
8. When Clarisse says, “It doesn’t matter what country they are from, kids are kids,” they are endorsing
which position on human development?
a. discontinuous
b. universal
c. nurture
d. context-specific
ANSWER: b
9. Viviana notices that children seem to mature socially much faster in Costa Rica than in Canada.
Viviana is most likely to support which position regarding human development?
a. nature
b. discontinuous
c. context-specific
d. continuous
ANSWER: c
10. Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, “Genetic and cultural factors are important,
but they alone cannot explain the development of human beings.” Which idea is Lotte’s professor is
supporting?
a. biopsychosocial framework
b. continuous development perspective
c. notion of universality
d. concept of discontinuity
ANSWER: a
11. Because Dr. Bryant is interested in researching how people of different ages are affected by the same
major events, Dr. Bryant is most interested in studying ____ forces.
a. psychological
b. biological
c. life-cycle
d. sociocultural
ANSWER: c
12. When asked why Yvonne ended up in jail, Jaketta says, “Yvonne was always a mean, aggressive
person who liked hurting people.” Jaketta believes Yvonne’s development is a result of _______ forces.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
a. sociocultural
b. normative age-graded
c. normative history-graded
d. psychological
ANSWER: d
13. Benoit is interested in studying the effects of various biological forces on human development. Which
topic is probably of least interest to them?
a. cognition
b. brain maturation
c. menopause
d. exercise
ANSWER: a
14. Which of the following fields is defined as the study of the brain, nervous system, and the brain-
behavior relationship?
a. biology
b. neuroscience
c. anthropology
d. sociology
ANSWER: b
15. Which of the following is considered a “psychological force”?
a. neighborhood
b. genetics
c. personality
d. heredity
ANSWER: c
16. Many children resemble their biological parents and share some personality traits, which provides
evidence to support the role of____ influences.
a. psychological
b. sociocultural
c. non-normative
d. biological
ANSWER: b
17. Thuy and Minh are identical twins who were separated at birth. Thuy was raised in the United States,
whereas Minh spent her childhood in Austria. Which force would likely explain most of the differences
between their behaviors as teens?
a. psychological
b. nature-based
c. biological
d. sociocultural
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: d
18. Which of the following statement is true regarding the study of human development?
a. Psychological factors are the primary focus, and sociocultural and biological factors are
ignored.
b. Sociocultural factors are the primary focus, and psychological and biological factors are
ignored.
c. Biological influences are a necessary component, in addition to psychological and
sociocultural factors.
d. Sociocultural and psychological factors are the primary focus, and biological factors are
ignored.
ANSWER: c
19. Pei identifies as Asian and as a woman. She feels that her experiences reflect more than those of all
Asians, and also more than all women. That is, her experiences are unique to being an Asian woman. She
is describing ___________.
a. ethnicity
b. culture
c. intersectionality
d. personality
ANSWER: c
20. A family is moving to a new city in a different part of the country. Their four-year-old child is very
happy and makes the transition easily, whereas their 12-year-old child is unhappy and has a very difficult
time adjusting to the move. Which set of factors best explains the different responses of the children?
a. biological factors
b. sociocultural factors
c. personality factors
d. life-cycle factors
ANSWER: d
21. When Alfonso says, “It would have been tough to be a father at age 21, but being one at age 28 is
easier,” he is noting the important role of which factors in human development?
a. biological
b. life-cycle
c. sociocultural
d. psychological
ANSWER: b
22. Which statement best exemplifies the basic premise of life-cycle forces?
a. Biological forces play a small role once a person reaches puberty.
b. Unconscious desires are the basis for most human behavior.
c. The timing of the event within an individual’s developmental trajectory influences outcome.
d. The forces that influence human behavior are too complex to identify through empirical
research.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
ANSWER: c
23. Several connected ideas to explain ideas an observation is best described as a(n) ____.
a. experiment
b. theory
c. study
d. mesosystem
ANSWER: b
24. Which of the following theories places the least emphasis on biological forces?
a. behavioral
b. ecological
c. social cognitive
d. psychodynamic
ANSWER: d
25. When asked to explain why teenage gang membership is rising, Dr. Baurer responds, “Generally
speaking, these children are driven by conflicts between what they wish to do and what society wishes
them to do.” It is most likely that Dr. Baurer would be a proponent of ____ theory.
a. psychodynamic
b. social cognitive
c. ecological
d. cognitive-developmental
ANSWER: a
26. Who is most associated with psychosocial theory?
a. Erikson
b. Bandura
c. Watson
d. Freud
ANSWER: a
27. The epigenetic principle is a key component of ____ theory.
a. social cognitive
b. ecological
c. information-processing
d. psychosocial
ANSWER: d
28. Nico wishes to explore new activities, challenge his skills, and understand himself better. According
to Erik Erikson, Nico is in which stage of psychosocial development?
a. generativity vs. stagnation
b. identity vs. identity confusion
c. autonomy vs. shame
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
d. basic trust vs. mistrust
ANSWER: b
29. The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is
the cornerstone of whose theory of development?
a. Bandura’s
b. Erikson’s
c. Skinner’s
d. Vygotsky’s
ANSWER: b
30. How would Erik Erikson respond to the statement “Stages of development are biologically fixed
throughout the lifespan”?
a. He would agree that everyone goes through different stages depending on their age.
b. He would disagree and point out that there is no “normal” progression of human development.
c. He would disagree and point out that culture influences the trajectory of human development.
d. He would say nothing because he focused on development between birth and adolescence.
ANSWER: a
31. The idea that consequences of a behavior determine the likelihood of the behavior being repeated in
the future is called _______________.
a. the life-span perspective
b. the epigenetic principle
c. universal development
d. operant conditioning
ANSWER: d
32. Because they completed their history assignment, Ramie is excused from having to wash the dishes, a
task Ramie detests. Ramie’s parents are using which strategy to increase Ramie’s studying?
a. positive reinforcement
b. punishment
c. extinction
d. negative reinforcement
ANSWER: d
33. A child’s grandparents always buy new toys when the child visits. As a result, the child frequently
requests to visit their grandparents. This is an example of ____________.
a. reinforcement
b. extinction
c. punishment
d. psychoanalysis
ANSWER: a
34. In operant conditioning theory, reinforcement is to punishment as _____________.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
a. increasing is to decreasing
b. giving is to taking
c. unwanted is to wanted
d. good is to bad
ANSWER: a
35. Zhang is attempting to alter the behavior of his son by manipulating the consequences of his son’s
actions. Zhang is practicing ______________.
a. social learning theory
b. negative reinforcement
c. operant conditioning
d. ecological theory
ANSWER: c
36. An effective punishment _________________.
a. causes some physical pain or psychological harm
b. increases the likelihood that behavior will occur in the future
c. reduces the likelihood that a behavior will occur in the future
d. eventually becomes ineffective at changing behavior
ANSWER: c
37. Marta finds that whenever she talks to her daughter about her undesirable behavior, the behavior
increases in frequency. Based on this, Marta’s talks would be considered ______________.
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. suppression
d. ineffective
ANSWER: b
38. In an elementary school classroom, students who do not complete their homework lose time at recess.
Losing recess is an example of which technique to increase homework completion?
a. punishment
b. negative reinforcement
c. positive reinforcement
d. Imitation
ANSWER: a
39. Imitation is most closely related to the concept of ____________.
a. positive reinforcement
b. life-cycle forces
c. selective optimization
d. observational learning
ANSWER: d
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1
40. Even though Bonita was never reinforced for doing so, the frequency of their studying increased after
their friend Gemma get a lot of attention for studying. This is most likely an example of _________.
a. observational learning
b. operant conditioning
c. punishment
d. self-efficacy
ANSWER: a
41. Adem is doing a study in which lacrosse players are interviewed about their role on the team and
perceived capabilities for playing in Saturday’s game. Adem is assessing the players’ ______________.
a. life-cycle forces
b. exosystems
c. internal maturational plans
d. self-efficacy
ANSWER: d
42. Alberto has been practicing for months and believes he can successfully ski down a steep mountain.
In regards to his skiing, Alberto most likely has ______________.
a. reached formal operations
b. high self-efficacy
c. resolved the industry vs. inferiority stage
d. been negatively reinforced
ANSWER: b
43. Dr. Linh encourages his students to be independent learners by having them watch how more
advanced students research answers to questions. Dr. Linh is using principles of ____.
a. social learning theory
b. operant conditioning
c. cognitive-developmental theory
d. psychosocial theory
ANSWER: a
44. Who would most likely explain a child’s maladaptive behavior by saying, “They probably saw some
TV character do that”?
a. Abdul, who is a behaviorist.
b. Ismael, who is a social learning theorist.
c. Masnoon, who is a Freudian theorist.
d. Gerard, who is a Piagetian theorist.
ANSWER: b
45. Dr. Sefky says, “Sure, reinforcement and punishment are important, but how people interpret
reinforcement and punishment is even more important.” Given this statement, Dr. Sefky’s view is
describing _________.
a. operant conditioning
b. social cognitive theory
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
