UCONN Bio 1107 Exam #1 Questions With Complete Solutions!!!

monomer - ANS A molecule that can be binded to another to form a polymer i.e. glucose polymer - ANS a larger molecule composed of several subunits nucleotide - ANS one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA what does a nucleotide consist of? - ANS sugar molecule, base, and phosphoric acid polypeptide - ANS chains of amino acids, they're linked covalently by peptide bonds hydrophobic - ANS non polar substances don't combine with water molecules hydrophilic - ANS polar substances that are allowed to dissolve in water ionic - ANS atom/atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge from losing or gaining an electron non polar - ANS a molecule in which the electrons are equally shared between the nuclei phospholipid - ANS main lipids in cell membranes dehydration synthesis - ANS a chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules channel protein - ANS a protein that allows certain substances to go through the cell membrane passive transport - ANS a movement of biochemicals or other substances across cell membranes without the need of energy facilitated diffusion - ANS process of passive transport requiring a protein hypotonic - ANS lower osmotic pressure than fluid; more water in cell so it grows hypertonic - ANS higher osmotic pressure than fluid; less water in cell so it shrinks isotonic - ANS same osmotic pressure as fluid active transport - ANS movement of molecules across a cells membrane into a region of higher concentration from lower concentration requiring energy concentration gradient - ANS process of solutes moving through a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of low endocytosis - ANS taking in matter by a living cell exocytosis - ANS the contents of a cell vacuole are released through fusion of the membrane entropy - ANS disorder exergonic - ANS release of energy; low to high entropy endergonic - ANS the absorption of energy; high to low entropy glycolysis - ANS the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid fermentation - ANS the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, microorganisms endothermy - ANS being warmblooded ectothermy - ANS exchanging heat with surrounding environment (i.e. amphibians, reptiles, fish) trophic - ANS of or relating to feeding and nutrition substrate - ANS the substance on which the enzyme acts active site - ANS a region of an enzyme that binds to a protein/substance during a reaction cofactors - ANS a non-protein chemical compound that is required for a protein's biological activity to happen (i.e. enzymes) How do simple sugars differ from each other? - ANS 1.) location of carbonyl groups 2.) number of carbon atoms present 3.) location of hydroxyl (-OH) group- the spatial arrangement of their atoms How do plants store their sugar? - ANS starch How do animals store their sugar? - ANS glycogen Where do animals store their sugar? - ANS liver What is chitin? - ANS Provides structural support for fungi What is cellulose? - ANS It is found in plant cell walls and used as a structural polymer What is a peptidoglycan? - ANS Provides structural support for bacterial cell walls What does starch consist of? - ANS Of glucose joined by glycosidic linkages What are four functions of carbohydrates? - ANS 1.) serve as raw material for building other substances 2.) structural support 3.) store chemical energy 4.) indicate cell identity glycoproteins - ANS key molecules in cell-cell recognition and cell signaling phosphorylase - ANS the hydrolysis of the alpha glycosidic linkages in glycogen is catalyzed by this enzyme