ORTHOTIC ASSISTANT EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What action do the hamstring muscles do?
flex the knee & extend & laterally rotate hip
what muscles make up the hamstrings
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
what action do the quadricep muscle do?
extend the knee
what muscles make up the quadriceps
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris
rectus femoris
covers the 3 other quad muscles
what muscles aid in dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
what muscles aid in deep plantarflexion
gastronemius, soleus, plantaris
Gastronemius action
plantar flexion & knee flexion
what muscles aid in plantar flexion
tibialis posterior(invert), fibularis longus & brevis (everts)
lumbricals
flexes at MPJ and extends at IP joints
what muscles aid in abduction
1 Copyright ©BRIGHSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2025
, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius
action of gluteus maximus
extends hip and abduct thigh
action of gluteus medius and minimus
abducts and medially rotates thigh
what muscles aid in adduction
adductor longus, brevis, magnus; gracilis
what muscles aid in hip flexion
psoas major, iliacus, iliopsoas, satorius
penetrating injury
gun shot, knife wound, etc.
blunt injuries
most common, involves a number of forces that occur
compensated curves
secondary curve above or below the major curve. Head usually appears to be midline over
pelvis and shoulders are level
decompensated curve
major curve is greater than the secondary curve. patient will present with un-level shoulders
and shifted head
1. forced flexion (anterior) or flexion with rotation
2. forced extension (hyperextension)
3. vertical compression (axial loading)
simple vertebral fracture
involves elements of the neural arch (spinous or transverse process)
compression or wedge
anterior compression to the vertebral body
communicated or burst fracture
shattering injury to the vertebral body of fragments impinging on spinal cord that results in
severe damage
2 Copyright ©BRIGHSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What action do the hamstring muscles do?
flex the knee & extend & laterally rotate hip
what muscles make up the hamstrings
semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris
what action do the quadricep muscle do?
extend the knee
what muscles make up the quadriceps
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris
rectus femoris
covers the 3 other quad muscles
what muscles aid in dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
what muscles aid in deep plantarflexion
gastronemius, soleus, plantaris
Gastronemius action
plantar flexion & knee flexion
what muscles aid in plantar flexion
tibialis posterior(invert), fibularis longus & brevis (everts)
lumbricals
flexes at MPJ and extends at IP joints
what muscles aid in abduction
1 Copyright ©BRIGHSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2025
, gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, gluteus medius
action of gluteus maximus
extends hip and abduct thigh
action of gluteus medius and minimus
abducts and medially rotates thigh
what muscles aid in adduction
adductor longus, brevis, magnus; gracilis
what muscles aid in hip flexion
psoas major, iliacus, iliopsoas, satorius
penetrating injury
gun shot, knife wound, etc.
blunt injuries
most common, involves a number of forces that occur
compensated curves
secondary curve above or below the major curve. Head usually appears to be midline over
pelvis and shoulders are level
decompensated curve
major curve is greater than the secondary curve. patient will present with un-level shoulders
and shifted head
1. forced flexion (anterior) or flexion with rotation
2. forced extension (hyperextension)
3. vertical compression (axial loading)
simple vertebral fracture
involves elements of the neural arch (spinous or transverse process)
compression or wedge
anterior compression to the vertebral body
communicated or burst fracture
shattering injury to the vertebral body of fragments impinging on spinal cord that results in
severe damage
2 Copyright ©BRIGHSTARS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2025
