CHEM 216 lab final
A fractioning (vigreux) column and may What glassware is in fractional but not
need to wrap in aluminum foil to slow rate simple distillation
Simple distillation
Large difference in BPs: can be used
effectively to separate liquids that have
at least fifty degrees difference in their
boiling points.
Fractional distillation
Closer BP: separation of a liquid mix-
ture into fractions differing in boiling point
(and hence chemical composition) by
means of distillation, typically using a
fractionating column.
Number of moles of a particular compo-
nent in mixture divided by the total num-
ber of moles in the given mixture.... In
terms of distillations if compound A has Mole fraction of vapor
a larger mole fraction than compound B
then the distillate will reflect the boiling
point closest to compound A
Liquid composition= tells you the tem-
perature when liquids vapor composi- liquid vapor composition plot
tion= tells you when vaporized. Tempera-
ture on y axis, mole fraction of compound
on x axis, vapor composition is top line,
liquid composition is bottom line, left side
of graph is the starting compound( com-
pound with lower melting point), right
side of graph is ending material (higher
melting point)
if a compound has more carbon atoms
than polar groups it's not polar and if
1/7
, CHEM 216 lab final
it has more polar groups then carbon
atoms it is polar
Compounds with a higher carbon-to-po-
lar group ratio are less soluble in water,
while compounds with a lower ratio are
more soluble. understand the relationships between
polarity, ratio of carbons to polar groups,
More compact and symmetrical shape= and molecular shape and solubility of or-
less soluble.... molecules with an elon- ganic compounds in water
gated or asymmetrical shape = more sol-
uble.
Polar molecules have an uneven charge
distribution, while nonpolar molecules
have an even distribution.
solubility increases with an increase in
relationship between temperature and
temperature, following a positive correla-
solubility of organic compounds in water.
tion.
Ionization is related to the solubility of
an organic compound in water as com-
Understand how ionization is related to
pounds that ionize readily in water tend
the solubility of an organic compound
to be more soluble,
in water, and how to form ions with
compounds containing various function-
If the water molecule has more attraction
al groups.
for the ions then the ions have for each
other they will be more soluble
Compounds with polar functional groups
(hydroxyl (-OH) or carbonyl (C=O)
groups, tend to be more soluble in polar
solvents.
Be able to predict relative solubility of
Compounds with nonpolar functional compounds in polar and in nonpolar sol-
groups (alkyl (-CH3) or aromatic (ben- vents based on structure.
zene) groups), tend to be more soluble
in nonpolar solvents.
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
2/7
A fractioning (vigreux) column and may What glassware is in fractional but not
need to wrap in aluminum foil to slow rate simple distillation
Simple distillation
Large difference in BPs: can be used
effectively to separate liquids that have
at least fifty degrees difference in their
boiling points.
Fractional distillation
Closer BP: separation of a liquid mix-
ture into fractions differing in boiling point
(and hence chemical composition) by
means of distillation, typically using a
fractionating column.
Number of moles of a particular compo-
nent in mixture divided by the total num-
ber of moles in the given mixture.... In
terms of distillations if compound A has Mole fraction of vapor
a larger mole fraction than compound B
then the distillate will reflect the boiling
point closest to compound A
Liquid composition= tells you the tem-
perature when liquids vapor composi- liquid vapor composition plot
tion= tells you when vaporized. Tempera-
ture on y axis, mole fraction of compound
on x axis, vapor composition is top line,
liquid composition is bottom line, left side
of graph is the starting compound( com-
pound with lower melting point), right
side of graph is ending material (higher
melting point)
if a compound has more carbon atoms
than polar groups it's not polar and if
1/7
, CHEM 216 lab final
it has more polar groups then carbon
atoms it is polar
Compounds with a higher carbon-to-po-
lar group ratio are less soluble in water,
while compounds with a lower ratio are
more soluble. understand the relationships between
polarity, ratio of carbons to polar groups,
More compact and symmetrical shape= and molecular shape and solubility of or-
less soluble.... molecules with an elon- ganic compounds in water
gated or asymmetrical shape = more sol-
uble.
Polar molecules have an uneven charge
distribution, while nonpolar molecules
have an even distribution.
solubility increases with an increase in
relationship between temperature and
temperature, following a positive correla-
solubility of organic compounds in water.
tion.
Ionization is related to the solubility of
an organic compound in water as com-
Understand how ionization is related to
pounds that ionize readily in water tend
the solubility of an organic compound
to be more soluble,
in water, and how to form ions with
compounds containing various function-
If the water molecule has more attraction
al groups.
for the ions then the ions have for each
other they will be more soluble
Compounds with polar functional groups
(hydroxyl (-OH) or carbonyl (C=O)
groups, tend to be more soluble in polar
solvents.
Be able to predict relative solubility of
Compounds with nonpolar functional compounds in polar and in nonpolar sol-
groups (alkyl (-CH3) or aromatic (ben- vents based on structure.
zene) groups), tend to be more soluble
in nonpolar solvents.
LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
2/7
