IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
AXIAL
•skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
•provides central support, attachment
points, and protects nervous system
Distinguish anatomically between the ax-
ial and appendicular skeleton
APPENDICULAR
•includes appendages of the body
-shoulders, arms, hips, and legs
•provides movement and appendages
1. Long (humerus)
2.Short (carpals)
state the 4 types of bone
3. Flat (parietal of skull)
4. Irregular (vertebrae)
•inferior
-below or further away from the head
•superior
-above or nearer to the head
•proximal
-nearer to where a limb attaches to the
body
•distal
-further away from where a limb attaches
Apply anatomical terminology to the lo-
to the body
cation of bones
•posterior
-behind or nearer to the back
•anterior
-in front or nearer to the front
•external
-on or near the surface of the body
•lateral
-further away from the midline of the
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
body
•medial
-closer to the midline of the body
•Tendons
-connect muscles to bones
•ligaments
-tough, elastic fibers that link bones to
ID and Outline the functions of connec-
bones
tive tissue
•cartilage
-prevents ends of bones from rubbing
together
-lubricates joint
•place where two or more bones meet
Define the term joint
•provides movement
•immovable (fixed)
-skull
•slightly movable (cartilaginous)
what are the types of joints
-limbro-sacral vertebrae
•movable (synovial)
-knee
•articular cartilage covers the ends of
bones
•joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
•the joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
•ligaments reinforce the joint
•90% of joints are synovial
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
•freely movable
•contain synovial fluid which is in the syn-
ovial membrane. Lubricates joints and
absorbs shock
•all moving parts are held together by
ligaments
•highly mobile
Outline the features of a synovial joint
BURSAE
•flattened fibrous sacs
-lined with synovial membranes
-filled with synovial fluids
-not actually part of the joint
TENDON SHEATH
•elongated bursa that wraps around the
tendon
BALL AND SOCKET
•rounded end of the bone fits inside the
cup-shaped ending
•allow movement in all directions and ro-
tation
•most mobile joints in body
ex/ shoulders and hips
PIVOT
List the different types of synovial joints
•have a ring of bone that fits over a bone
and Distinguish between the different
protrusion, around which it can rotate
•only allows rotation
ex/ joint between atlas and axis in neck
CONDYLOID
•have an oval shaped bone end which fits
into a correspondingly shaped bone end
•forward, backward, left, and right
•no rotation
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
ex/ between metacarpals and phalanges
in hand
GLIDING
•have two flat faces of bone that slide
over one another
ex/between tarsals in the ankle
SADDLE
types of joint in relation to movement
•ends of two bones fit together in a spe-
permitted.
cial way
•forwards, backwards, and left to right
rotation
ex/ thumb
HINGE
•only forwards and backwards move-
ment
ex/ knee and elbow
*look at diagram quizlet
DIAPHYSIS
•shaft
•composed of compact bone
EPIPHYSIS
•proximal and distal
•ends of bone
•composed mostly of spongy bony
PERIOSTEUM
•outside covering of the diaphysis
•fibrous connective tissue membrane
ARTERIES
•supply bone cell with nutrients
-compact bone+bone marrow
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
AXIAL
•skull, spine, ribs, and sternum
•provides central support, attachment
points, and protects nervous system
Distinguish anatomically between the ax-
ial and appendicular skeleton
APPENDICULAR
•includes appendages of the body
-shoulders, arms, hips, and legs
•provides movement and appendages
1. Long (humerus)
2.Short (carpals)
state the 4 types of bone
3. Flat (parietal of skull)
4. Irregular (vertebrae)
•inferior
-below or further away from the head
•superior
-above or nearer to the head
•proximal
-nearer to where a limb attaches to the
body
•distal
-further away from where a limb attaches
Apply anatomical terminology to the lo-
to the body
cation of bones
•posterior
-behind or nearer to the back
•anterior
-in front or nearer to the front
•external
-on or near the surface of the body
•lateral
-further away from the midline of the
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
body
•medial
-closer to the midline of the body
•Tendons
-connect muscles to bones
•ligaments
-tough, elastic fibers that link bones to
ID and Outline the functions of connec-
bones
tive tissue
•cartilage
-prevents ends of bones from rubbing
together
-lubricates joint
•place where two or more bones meet
Define the term joint
•provides movement
•immovable (fixed)
-skull
•slightly movable (cartilaginous)
what are the types of joints
-limbro-sacral vertebrae
•movable (synovial)
-knee
•articular cartilage covers the ends of
bones
•joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous
articular capsule
•the joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
•ligaments reinforce the joint
•90% of joints are synovial
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
•freely movable
•contain synovial fluid which is in the syn-
ovial membrane. Lubricates joints and
absorbs shock
•all moving parts are held together by
ligaments
•highly mobile
Outline the features of a synovial joint
BURSAE
•flattened fibrous sacs
-lined with synovial membranes
-filled with synovial fluids
-not actually part of the joint
TENDON SHEATH
•elongated bursa that wraps around the
tendon
BALL AND SOCKET
•rounded end of the bone fits inside the
cup-shaped ending
•allow movement in all directions and ro-
tation
•most mobile joints in body
ex/ shoulders and hips
PIVOT
List the different types of synovial joints
•have a ring of bone that fits over a bone
and Distinguish between the different
protrusion, around which it can rotate
•only allows rotation
ex/ joint between atlas and axis in neck
CONDYLOID
•have an oval shaped bone end which fits
into a correspondingly shaped bone end
•forward, backward, left, and right
•no rotation
, IB SEHS Exam paper 1 and 2
ex/ between metacarpals and phalanges
in hand
GLIDING
•have two flat faces of bone that slide
over one another
ex/between tarsals in the ankle
SADDLE
types of joint in relation to movement
•ends of two bones fit together in a spe-
permitted.
cial way
•forwards, backwards, and left to right
rotation
ex/ thumb
HINGE
•only forwards and backwards move-
ment
ex/ knee and elbow
*look at diagram quizlet
DIAPHYSIS
•shaft
•composed of compact bone
EPIPHYSIS
•proximal and distal
•ends of bone
•composed mostly of spongy bony
PERIOSTEUM
•outside covering of the diaphysis
•fibrous connective tissue membrane
ARTERIES
•supply bone cell with nutrients
-compact bone+bone marrow
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
