Psychopharmacology Exam 4 173 questions with verified
answers
1. Bipolar I is defined as what?: At least one episode of mania
2. Bipolar II is defined as what?: Major depressive and hypomanic episodes
3. What are some symptoms of mania?:
- Irritability
- Excessive high-risk activities
- Inflated self-esteem
- Flight of ideas
- Distractibility
- Decreased need for sleep
4. BD I or II vs. MDD:
- Briefer duration
- More rapid onset
- Anergia
- Psychomotor retardation
- Overeating and oversleeping (reversed vegetative symptoms)
4. Why is diagnosis of BP depression difficult?:
It may look like:
- Major depression, schizophrenia
- Antisocial behavior disorders
- ADHD
,- Conduct disorders in children - Substance-induced disorders
6. Structural changes in brains of individuals with bipolar disorder: -
Reductions in volume of PFD and hippocampus
- Decreases in number of neurons and glial cells in PFC
- Lower levels of a neurochemical N-acetyl-aspartate
7. What is BDNF?: Brain-derived tropic factor
It is a "neurotropic factor"; a protein encoded by the BDNF gene
It is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to
NGF (nerve growth factor)
Neurotrophins: proteins that induce the survival, development, function, and
plasticity of neurons
8. ____ ________ shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine
with Stanley Cohen for their discovery of nerve growth factor, a protein
that causes developing cells to grow by stimulating surrounding nerve
tissue.: Rita Levi-Montalcini
9. Lithium's effect on neuronal growth hormones: - Found to protect neurons
against a variety of toxic agents, and to promote the growth of neuronal
processes
- Increases levels of N-acetyl-aspartate and gray matter volume
10. Four class of drugs for treatment of bipolar disorder: - Lithium
- Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Omega-3 fatty acids
, 11. Lithium's effects as a mood stabilizer: - Effective in 60-80 percent of acute
episodes
- About 1/3 relapse
- Compliance with therapy is poor; people miss the highs and the mood swings
- Excreted unchanged by kidneys
- Cannot be patented
- Compliance might be much higher and side effects lower if routine monitoring of
blood levels and symptoms were more affordable and convenient
12. When to use lithium: - Acute mania, hypomania
- Bipolar disorders, cyclothymia
- Mixed states
- Depression
- Schizophrenia, schizoaffective
- Aggressive outbursts
13. Lithium's clinical effects against mania: - Decreases number, frequency,
intensity of episodes
- Shortens duration of episodes
- Decreases subtle, transient mood swings between episodes
- Takes 5-10 days for response
- About 2/3 show good to excellent response
- 80 percent show partial response
- For maintenance and prevention, second drug often required
14. Lihtium side effects: Overdose intoxication:
answers
1. Bipolar I is defined as what?: At least one episode of mania
2. Bipolar II is defined as what?: Major depressive and hypomanic episodes
3. What are some symptoms of mania?:
- Irritability
- Excessive high-risk activities
- Inflated self-esteem
- Flight of ideas
- Distractibility
- Decreased need for sleep
4. BD I or II vs. MDD:
- Briefer duration
- More rapid onset
- Anergia
- Psychomotor retardation
- Overeating and oversleeping (reversed vegetative symptoms)
4. Why is diagnosis of BP depression difficult?:
It may look like:
- Major depression, schizophrenia
- Antisocial behavior disorders
- ADHD
,- Conduct disorders in children - Substance-induced disorders
6. Structural changes in brains of individuals with bipolar disorder: -
Reductions in volume of PFD and hippocampus
- Decreases in number of neurons and glial cells in PFC
- Lower levels of a neurochemical N-acetyl-aspartate
7. What is BDNF?: Brain-derived tropic factor
It is a "neurotropic factor"; a protein encoded by the BDNF gene
It is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are related to
NGF (nerve growth factor)
Neurotrophins: proteins that induce the survival, development, function, and
plasticity of neurons
8. ____ ________ shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine
with Stanley Cohen for their discovery of nerve growth factor, a protein
that causes developing cells to grow by stimulating surrounding nerve
tissue.: Rita Levi-Montalcini
9. Lithium's effect on neuronal growth hormones: - Found to protect neurons
against a variety of toxic agents, and to promote the growth of neuronal
processes
- Increases levels of N-acetyl-aspartate and gray matter volume
10. Four class of drugs for treatment of bipolar disorder: - Lithium
- Anticonvulsant mood stabilizers
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Omega-3 fatty acids
, 11. Lithium's effects as a mood stabilizer: - Effective in 60-80 percent of acute
episodes
- About 1/3 relapse
- Compliance with therapy is poor; people miss the highs and the mood swings
- Excreted unchanged by kidneys
- Cannot be patented
- Compliance might be much higher and side effects lower if routine monitoring of
blood levels and symptoms were more affordable and convenient
12. When to use lithium: - Acute mania, hypomania
- Bipolar disorders, cyclothymia
- Mixed states
- Depression
- Schizophrenia, schizoaffective
- Aggressive outbursts
13. Lithium's clinical effects against mania: - Decreases number, frequency,
intensity of episodes
- Shortens duration of episodes
- Decreases subtle, transient mood swings between episodes
- Takes 5-10 days for response
- About 2/3 show good to excellent response
- 80 percent show partial response
- For maintenance and prevention, second drug often required
14. Lihtium side effects: Overdose intoxication:
