7/22/25, 12:29 PM
WGU D236 EXAM FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026
Terms in this set (114)
Starling's Law describes how fluids move across
the capillary membrane. There are two major
opposing forces that act to balance each
other, hydrostatic pressure
(pushing water out of the capillaries) and
osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
What is Starling's Law of which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Capillary forces?
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic
How does this explain pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
why a nutritionally pressure, high electrolyte and protein
deficient child would concentrations in the blood would cause
have edema? water to leave the cells and interstitial space
and enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water
to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and
1/60
,7/22/25, 12:29 PM
interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
How does the RAAS angiotensinogen, which is converted to
(Renin-Angiotensin- Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin
Aldosterone System) II by the enzyme
result in increased blood
volume and increased Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
blood Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
pressure? vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal
gland to release aldosterone, which acts to
increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
2/60
,7/22/25, 12:29 PM
Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and
5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium
levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
How can hyperkalemia A major function of potassium is to conduct
lead to cardiac arrest? nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle
and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
The body uses the Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
Protein Buffering be affected by pH changes.
System, Phosphate Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter
Buffering System, and the structure of the protein (denature),
Carbonic Acid- thereby affecting its function as well
Bicarbonate System
to
regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH,
what is the
consequence of a
pH
imbalance
3/60
, 7/22/25, 12:29 PM
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH:
7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100
mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower
Describe the laboratory = alkalosis
findings associated with
metabolic acidosis, Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic something other than abnormal CO2 levels.
alkalosis, respiratory This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal
acidosis and failure or excessive GI losses.
respiratory alkalosis.
(ie relative pH and Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
CO2 levels). respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and
PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then
it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same
direction as the pH, then the imbalance is
metabolic in nature.
4/60
WGU D236 EXAM FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026
Terms in this set (114)
Starling's Law describes how fluids move across
the capillary membrane. There are two major
opposing forces that act to balance each
other, hydrostatic pressure
(pushing water out of the capillaries) and
osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure,
What is Starling's Law of which pushes fluid into the capillaries).
Capillary forces?
Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic
How does this explain pressure) in the blood affect osmotic
why a nutritionally pressure, high electrolyte and protein
deficient child would concentrations in the blood would cause
have edema? water to leave the cells and interstitial space
and enter the blood stream to dilute the high
concentrations.
On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein
concentrations (as seen in a
nutritionally deficient child) would cause water
to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and
1/60
,7/22/25, 12:29 PM
interstitial fluid which can lead to edema.
A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the
kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins
to secrete renin.
Renin then triggers the liver to produce
How does the RAAS angiotensinogen, which is converted to
(Renin-Angiotensin- Angiotensin I in the lungs and then angiotensin
Aldosterone System) II by the enzyme
result in increased blood
volume and increased Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).
blood Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial
pressure? vasoconstriction which raises BP.
Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal
gland to release aldosterone, which acts to
increase sodium and water reabsorption
increasing blood volume, while also increased
potassium secretion in urine.
2/60
,7/22/25, 12:29 PM
Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and
5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers to potassium
levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.
How can hyperkalemia A major function of potassium is to conduct
lead to cardiac arrest? nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle
weakness occurs and too much can cause
muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle
and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart
attack
The body uses the Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can
Protein Buffering be affected by pH changes.
System, Phosphate Any increase or decrease in blood pH can alter
Buffering System, and the structure of the protein (denature),
Carbonic Acid- thereby affecting its function as well
Bicarbonate System
to
regulate and maintain
homeostatic pH,
what is the
consequence of a
pH
imbalance
3/60
, 7/22/25, 12:29 PM
Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH:
7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100
mm Hg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%
Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by
changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower
Describe the laboratory = alkalosis
findings associated with
metabolic acidosis, Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by
metabolic something other than abnormal CO2 levels.
alkalosis, respiratory This could include toxicity, diabetes, renal
acidosis and failure or excessive GI losses.
respiratory alkalosis.
(ie relative pH and Here are the rules to follow to determine if is
CO2 levels). respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and
PCO2 are moving in opposite directions, then
it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the
imbalance and it is respiratory in nature.
-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same
direction as the pH, then the imbalance is
metabolic in nature.
4/60
