PSU PSYCH 100 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% DEFINITVE SOLUTIONS. UPDATED 2025/2026 ALREADY GRADED 100% GUARANTEED PASS! ||LATEST VERSION

PSU PSYCH 100 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% DEFINITVE SOLUTIONS. UPDATED 2025/2026 ALREADY GRADED 100% GUARANTEED PASS! ||LATEST VERSION 1. Big Five Factors - ANSWER The Big Five include Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion—major dimensions used to describe personality. 2. Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Adding a desirable stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., giving a treat for good behavior). 3. Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior (e.g., turning off a loud alarm after waking up). 4. Reinforcement Schedules - ANSWER Patterns that define how often a desired behavior is reinforced. 5. Partial Schedules - ANSWER Reinforcement occurs only part of the time, which makes behavior more resistant to extinction. 6. Fixed Interval Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time (e.g., weekly paychecks). 7. Variable Interval Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcement is given at unpredictable time intervals (e.g., checking for emails). 8. Fixed Ratio Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses (e.g., earning a bonus for every 10 sales). 9. Variable Ratio Schedule - ANSWER Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses (e.g., slot machines). 10.Punishment - ANSWER A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. 11.Positive Punishment - ANSWER Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., adding a fine for speeding). 12.Negative Punishment - ANSWER Removing a desirable stimulus to decrease a behavior (e.g., taking away privileges for bad behavior). 13.Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - ANSWER A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning (e.g., food causing salivation). 14.Unconditioned Response (UR) - ANSWER A natural, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation in response to food). 15.Neutral Stimulus (NS) - ANSWER A stimulus that initially does not elicit any specific response until paired with an unconditioned stimulus. 16.Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - ANSWER A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response. 17.Conditioned Response (CR) - ANSWER A learned response to a conditioned stimulus (e.g., salivation to a bell after conditioning). 18.Stimulus Generalization - ANSWER When a response to one stimulus is elicited by similar stimuli (e.g., salivating to tones similar to a conditioned bell). 19.Classical Conditioning - ANSWER A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response. 20.Operant Conditioning - ANSWER A learning process where behavior is influenced by consequences such as reinforcement or punishment. 21.Reinforcement - ANSWER A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. 22.Shaping - ANSWER Gradually guiding behavior toward a desired goal by reinforcing successive approximations. 23.Encoding - ANSWER The process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored in memory. 24.Storage - ANSWER The process of maintaining encoded information over time. 25.Retrieval - ANSWER The process of accessing and bringing stored information into conscious awareness. 26.Ebbinghaus's Retention Curve - ANSWER A graph that shows the decline of memory retention over time, illustrating how forgetting occurs. 27.Modal Model of Memory - ANSWER A theory that explains memory in terms of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. 28.Memory Theory - ANSWER A theory that explains memory in terms of three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. 29.Sensory Memory - ANSWER The brief storage of sensory information (visual, auditory, etc.) that lasts for a few seconds. 30.Iconic Memory - ANSWER The visual form of sensory memory, holding visual images for a brief time. 31.Short-Term Memory - ANSWER A limited-capacity memory system that holds information for a short duration, typically up to 20 seconds. 32.Chunking - ANSWER A memory strategy where individual pieces of information are grouped together into larger, meaningful units. 33.Chase & Simon, 1973 - ANSWER They found that expert chess players are better at chunking information, leading to better memory performance in their domain. 34.Long-Term Memory - ANSWER A type of memory that has an unlimited capacity and stores information for extended periods, from hours to a lifetime. 35.Declarative Memory - ANSWER A type of long-term memory that involves facts and events that can be consciously recalled, such as knowledge or experiences. 36.Episodic Memory - ANSWER A type of declarative memory that involves the recollection of personal experiences or specific events. 37.Semantic Memory - ANSWER A type of declarative memory that involves facts, concepts, and general knowledge, not tied to specific personal experiences. 38.Implicit Memory - ANSWER A type of long-term memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness, such as skills or habits. 39.Retrieval - ANSWER The process of accessing stored information from memory. 40.Cue, Target, Association - ANSWER A cue is a stimulus that triggers memory retrieval, a target is the information being retrieved, and association refers to the links between cues and memories. 41.Context-Dependent Memory - ANSWER The phenomenon where memory retrieval is better when the context during encoding and retrieval is the same. 42.Encoding Specificity Principle - ANSWER The idea that memory retrieval is more effective when the cues present at encoding are also present during retrieval. 43.State-Dependent Memory - ANSWER The phenomenon where memory retrieval is more effective when a person's physical or emotional state at encoding matches their state at retrieval. 44.James-Lange Theory - ANSWER The theory that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events (e.g., we feel fear because we tremble). 45.Cannon-Bard Theory - ANSWER The theory that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously and independently. 46.Two-Factor Theory - ANSWER The theory that emotions are based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. 47.Misattribution of Arousal - ANSWER The process by which people incorrectly attribute their physiological arousal to the wrong cause. 48.Facial Expressions - ANSWER Facial expressions are universal signals that communicate emotional states, helping to express and understand emotions across cultures. 49.Universal Facial Expressions - ANSWER Facial expressions of emotion that are recognized worldwide, including happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. 50.Functions of Facial Expressions - ANSWER Facial expressions help convey emotions, enhance social communication, and provide feedback to the brain about emotional experiences. 51.Facial expressions - ANSWER Facial expressions help convey emotions, enhance social communication, and provide feedback to the brain about emotional experiences. 52.Susskind et al. (2008) study - ANSWER They found that certain facial expressions (e.g., fear and disgust) involve diff