TEST BANK
KUBY IMMUNOLOGY
, Chapter 01
1. Two Of The Main, Early Theories Proposed To Explain How Antigen-Specific Antibodies Develop
Were The Instructional Theory And The Selective Theory. How Did The Two Differ? Which Was
Ultimately Shown To Be Correct?
Answer: The Selective Theory Says That, When An Antigen Receptor Binds With An Antigen, The Cell
Becomes Activated (Or The Cell Is Selected To Proliferate And Secrete More Copies Of The Receptor).
The Instructional Theory Says That The Antigen Receptor Molds Itself To The Antigen. The Selective
Theory Was Shown To Be Correct.
2. Often, Serendipity Plays A Role In Significant Scientific Discoveries. In Your Own Words,
Explain How Serendipity Led Pasteur To Discover A Cholera Vaccine.
Answer: Pasteur Developed The Vaccine In Chickens, Which Were In Short Supply. He Challenged
Groups Of Chickens With Cholera Bacteria—Some Of Which Were Previously Exposed To An
Attenuated Version Of Cholera Bacteria. Only The Previously Exposed Animals Were Protected From A
New Challenge, Which Led To The Use Of Weakened Pathogens As Vaccines.
3. Despite Its Having Been Eradicated On A Global Scale, Smallpox Is Presently Considered A
Potential Bioterrorism Threat. Why? Use Evidence To Support Your Answer.
Answer: After Eradication Was Achieved, Smallpox Vaccination Programs Largely Ended. As
Populations Continued To Grow Over Time, An Ever-Increasing Percentage Of The Human Population
Remains Unvaccinated And Thus, Is Still Susceptible To The Disease.
4. Prior To 1999, It Was Claimed That A Thimerosal Additive In Vaccines Was Contributing To The
Rising Incidence Of Autism. If The Claims Were True, What Resultant Trend Might You Expect To
Observe In The Rate Of Autism Once Thimerosal Was Removed From Vaccines?
Answer: One Would Reasonably Expect A Decrease In The Rate Of Autism. However, Cases Of
Autism Continued To Rise After Thimerosal Was Removed From Vaccines In 2001.
5. Given The Discovery And Development Of Effective Antibiotics, Make An Argument For The
Continued Use Of Vaccines Against Bacterial Pathogens. Use Evidence To Support Your Answer.
Answer: Antibiotics Are Used For Treatment Of Disease, Not Typically For Prevention. Antibiotic
Treatment Is Not Foolproof (Considering The Rising Incidence Of Antibiotic Resistance). Vaccines Are
A Preventative Measure, And Prevention Is The Gold Standard For Infectious Disease Control Measures.
,6. You Have A Friend Unfamiliar With Immunology, And He Asks You The Following Question: "Why
Do I Need The Flu Shot Every Year, But Don't Need An Annual Chickenpox Vaccine?" As A Student Of
Immunology, How Would You Explain This Discrepancy To Your Friend? Use Evidence To Support
Your Answer.
Answer: The Virus That Causes The Flu Changes Every Year - As A Result, A New Flu Vaccine Must
Be Prepared Each Year Based On A Predication Of The Most Common Forms Of The Virus Likely To
Be Encountered. Vaccines Are Specific In The Type Of Pathogen Against Which They Protect, And
Protection Against One Type Does Not Guarantee Protection Against Pathogens That Are Closely-
Related.
7. Provide One Benefit And One Drawback Of Generating Random Recognition Receptors
During The Development Of B Cells.
Answer: A Benefit Is Having The Capacity To Recognize And Respond To Diverse Pathogens As They
Evolve. A Drawback Is That Some Recognition Receptors Could Potentially Recognize And Target Host
Antigens.
8. A Portion Of Our Immune Systems' White Blood Cells Is Constantly Circulating Throughout The
Body Via Circulation And Lymphatics. What Is The Benefit Of Such Circulation?
Answer: The Circulation Of The White Blood Cells Allows For A More Comprehensive Surveillance Of
The Body For The Presence Of Potential Pathogens. A Significant Portion Of The Human Body Is
Constantly Exposed To Potential Microbial Pathogens.
9. Complete The Following Table By Comparing And Contrasting Innate And Adaptive Immune Responses.
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
Is Mediated By What Cells?
What Do They Recognize?
How Are The Receptors Encoded?
Why Can't They Control All Infections Alone?
What Do They Do In Response To Antigen?
, Answer:
Adaptive
Innate Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages, Nk
Is Mediated T Cells And
Cells, Neutrophils,
By What B Cells
Mast Cells
Cells?
Eosinophils
What Do Specific
Pathogen Patterns
They Epitope
s
Recognize?
How Are Rearranged
The
Receptors Germ Line
Gene Segments
Encoded?
Why Can't They
Pathogens Evolve Takes Too
Control All
Escape Long To
Infections
Mechanisms Develop
Alone?
What Do They Produce
Engulf And
Do In Response Antibodies,
Destroy, Induce
To Antigen? Kill Infected
Inflammation
Cells
10. What Are The Hallmarks Of Inflammation? Describe The Physical Characteristics Of
Someone Experiencing An Inflammatory Response.
Answer: Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain. Someone Experiencing Inflammation Might Have Localized
Swelling And Redness Or Itching Or May Be Experiencing Faintness Due To A Lowering Of Blood
Pressure If More Severe.
11. Upon Receiving Immune Serum As A Treatment For A Venomous Snake Bite, Would The
Recipient Be Immune From Future Bites Of The Same Species?
Answer: In The Short-Term, Probably, As The Serum Contains Protective Antibodies Against The
Venom. In The Long-Term, No, As Serum Treatment Is A Form Of Passive Immunity. Passive
Immunity Does Not Generate Long-Lived Memory Cells.
12. Provide One Common Feature Of And Two Differences Between B-Cell Receptors And Prrs.
Answer: A Common Feature Is That They Both Are Used To Recognize Foreign Antigens. A B- Cell
Receptor Is More Selective Than A Prr. The Dna That Encodes For A Prr In An Individual Is Inherited.
The Dna That Encodes For A Mature B-Cell Receptor From An Individual Is Not Passed On To
Offspring.
KUBY IMMUNOLOGY
, Chapter 01
1. Two Of The Main, Early Theories Proposed To Explain How Antigen-Specific Antibodies Develop
Were The Instructional Theory And The Selective Theory. How Did The Two Differ? Which Was
Ultimately Shown To Be Correct?
Answer: The Selective Theory Says That, When An Antigen Receptor Binds With An Antigen, The Cell
Becomes Activated (Or The Cell Is Selected To Proliferate And Secrete More Copies Of The Receptor).
The Instructional Theory Says That The Antigen Receptor Molds Itself To The Antigen. The Selective
Theory Was Shown To Be Correct.
2. Often, Serendipity Plays A Role In Significant Scientific Discoveries. In Your Own Words,
Explain How Serendipity Led Pasteur To Discover A Cholera Vaccine.
Answer: Pasteur Developed The Vaccine In Chickens, Which Were In Short Supply. He Challenged
Groups Of Chickens With Cholera Bacteria—Some Of Which Were Previously Exposed To An
Attenuated Version Of Cholera Bacteria. Only The Previously Exposed Animals Were Protected From A
New Challenge, Which Led To The Use Of Weakened Pathogens As Vaccines.
3. Despite Its Having Been Eradicated On A Global Scale, Smallpox Is Presently Considered A
Potential Bioterrorism Threat. Why? Use Evidence To Support Your Answer.
Answer: After Eradication Was Achieved, Smallpox Vaccination Programs Largely Ended. As
Populations Continued To Grow Over Time, An Ever-Increasing Percentage Of The Human Population
Remains Unvaccinated And Thus, Is Still Susceptible To The Disease.
4. Prior To 1999, It Was Claimed That A Thimerosal Additive In Vaccines Was Contributing To The
Rising Incidence Of Autism. If The Claims Were True, What Resultant Trend Might You Expect To
Observe In The Rate Of Autism Once Thimerosal Was Removed From Vaccines?
Answer: One Would Reasonably Expect A Decrease In The Rate Of Autism. However, Cases Of
Autism Continued To Rise After Thimerosal Was Removed From Vaccines In 2001.
5. Given The Discovery And Development Of Effective Antibiotics, Make An Argument For The
Continued Use Of Vaccines Against Bacterial Pathogens. Use Evidence To Support Your Answer.
Answer: Antibiotics Are Used For Treatment Of Disease, Not Typically For Prevention. Antibiotic
Treatment Is Not Foolproof (Considering The Rising Incidence Of Antibiotic Resistance). Vaccines Are
A Preventative Measure, And Prevention Is The Gold Standard For Infectious Disease Control Measures.
,6. You Have A Friend Unfamiliar With Immunology, And He Asks You The Following Question: "Why
Do I Need The Flu Shot Every Year, But Don't Need An Annual Chickenpox Vaccine?" As A Student Of
Immunology, How Would You Explain This Discrepancy To Your Friend? Use Evidence To Support
Your Answer.
Answer: The Virus That Causes The Flu Changes Every Year - As A Result, A New Flu Vaccine Must
Be Prepared Each Year Based On A Predication Of The Most Common Forms Of The Virus Likely To
Be Encountered. Vaccines Are Specific In The Type Of Pathogen Against Which They Protect, And
Protection Against One Type Does Not Guarantee Protection Against Pathogens That Are Closely-
Related.
7. Provide One Benefit And One Drawback Of Generating Random Recognition Receptors
During The Development Of B Cells.
Answer: A Benefit Is Having The Capacity To Recognize And Respond To Diverse Pathogens As They
Evolve. A Drawback Is That Some Recognition Receptors Could Potentially Recognize And Target Host
Antigens.
8. A Portion Of Our Immune Systems' White Blood Cells Is Constantly Circulating Throughout The
Body Via Circulation And Lymphatics. What Is The Benefit Of Such Circulation?
Answer: The Circulation Of The White Blood Cells Allows For A More Comprehensive Surveillance Of
The Body For The Presence Of Potential Pathogens. A Significant Portion Of The Human Body Is
Constantly Exposed To Potential Microbial Pathogens.
9. Complete The Following Table By Comparing And Contrasting Innate And Adaptive Immune Responses.
Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity
Is Mediated By What Cells?
What Do They Recognize?
How Are The Receptors Encoded?
Why Can't They Control All Infections Alone?
What Do They Do In Response To Antigen?
, Answer:
Adaptive
Innate Immunity
Immunity
Macrophages, Nk
Is Mediated T Cells And
Cells, Neutrophils,
By What B Cells
Mast Cells
Cells?
Eosinophils
What Do Specific
Pathogen Patterns
They Epitope
s
Recognize?
How Are Rearranged
The
Receptors Germ Line
Gene Segments
Encoded?
Why Can't They
Pathogens Evolve Takes Too
Control All
Escape Long To
Infections
Mechanisms Develop
Alone?
What Do They Produce
Engulf And
Do In Response Antibodies,
Destroy, Induce
To Antigen? Kill Infected
Inflammation
Cells
10. What Are The Hallmarks Of Inflammation? Describe The Physical Characteristics Of
Someone Experiencing An Inflammatory Response.
Answer: Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain. Someone Experiencing Inflammation Might Have Localized
Swelling And Redness Or Itching Or May Be Experiencing Faintness Due To A Lowering Of Blood
Pressure If More Severe.
11. Upon Receiving Immune Serum As A Treatment For A Venomous Snake Bite, Would The
Recipient Be Immune From Future Bites Of The Same Species?
Answer: In The Short-Term, Probably, As The Serum Contains Protective Antibodies Against The
Venom. In The Long-Term, No, As Serum Treatment Is A Form Of Passive Immunity. Passive
Immunity Does Not Generate Long-Lived Memory Cells.
12. Provide One Common Feature Of And Two Differences Between B-Cell Receptors And Prrs.
Answer: A Common Feature Is That They Both Are Used To Recognize Foreign Antigens. A B- Cell
Receptor Is More Selective Than A Prr. The Dna That Encodes For A Prr In An Individual Is Inherited.
The Dna That Encodes For A Mature B-Cell Receptor From An Individual Is Not Passed On To
Offspring.
