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SMPA 1050 Midterm 2025/2026 – 200+ Verified Questions & Answers on Media Bias, News Norms, Journalism History, FCC Regulations, and Campaign Coverage

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This SMPA 1050 Midterm exam prep guide contains over 200 fully accurate and updated questions and answers, covering key theories, historical developments, and practical concepts in media and political communication. Students will master the Hostile Media Effect, media literacy, and critiques of objectivity from Goldberg, Lowery, and Gans. It examines the evolution of journalism from the Party Press Era through the Penny Press and muckraking periods, highlighting how news norms—such as conflict, novelty, timeliness, and official sourcing—shape coverage. The guide provides an in-depth review of FCC regulations including the Federal Communications Act of 1934, Fairness Doctrine, Equal Time Rule, and landmark cases such as FCC v. Pacifica and Reno v. ACLU. Modern policy issues like Section 230, media consolidation, and the impact of cable and internet platforms are also addressed. Students will explore campaign media dynamics, including horse race journalism, strategy vs. issue framing, the “party decides” model, bandwagon effects, and persuasive communication in elections. Special emphasis is placed on negative partisanship, affective polarization, fact-checking effectiveness, and the influence of media coverage on voter behavior. Ideal for political communication students, journalism majors, public policy learners, and media studies candidates, this resource bridges theoretical foundations with current events, ensuring readiness for both the SMPA 1050 midterm and real-world application in political media analysis. Keywords: Hostile Media Effect, media literacy, news bias, Party Press Era, Penny Press, muckrakers, news norms, FCC regulations, Fairness Doctrine, Equal Time Rule, FCC v. Pacifica, Reno v. ACLU, Section 230, media consolidation, campaign coverage, horse race journalism, issue vs strategy framing, party decides model, negative partisanship, affective polarization, fact-checking, political communication exam

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SMPA 1050 Midterm 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Solved



Hostile Media Effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The more one cares about an

issue/party/political figure, the more they think media coverage is biased

AGAINST their preference


The cure to the hostile media effect - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔media literacy


Media literacy - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Understand how to be a critical reader of media,

understand media biases and your own biases

Goldberg's book Bias claims that media has a liberal bias naturally, but doesn't

present - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Empirical evidence. he uses anecdotes.


Goldberg's book Bias implicates that - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- we need to know more

about who journalists are to understand bias.

- bias is LESS likely to be evident where it is MOST obvious because that's where

journalists are more on guard

,T/F newspapers had a slant until mid 19th century - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔True


What is the "we're mum" in "he said/she said/we're mum" indicate - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔The journalist has nothing to say and isn't adjudicating between the two parties


What is the problem in an argument b/w 2 parties if one party lies? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Journalists have trouble saying that she lied unless everyone agrees that she

lied

What are examples of press not saying that someone is lying, even when they are?

- 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- During Clinton's impeachment, he asked what the meaning of

the word "is" is

- Media didn't call Bush admin's torture of terrorists "torture" because they felt they

were weighing in partisan debate

What does Lowery say is the the reason white perspectives are accepted as

objective neutral? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- When black and brown reporters challenge

these conventions, they are pushed out, reprimanded, and robbed of new

opportunities

- "objective journalism" is built upon subjective decision-making

, What does Lowery believe is the solution for unfair "objective journalism" - 🧠

ANSWER ✔✔Instead of focusing on objectivity, focus on fairness and truth


What was the Kerner Commission - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A WH report that found that

media didn't cover communities of color well because newsrooms were mostly

white


What did the Hutchens Commission say? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔There isn't just a right

to inform, but a right to be informed


What did Woods say about the press calling someone racist? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔He

said to avoid the term, just describe what's being said and what's offensive about it

What did Yglesias say about the press calling someone racist? - 🧠 ANSWER

✔✔Avoiding calling someone racist works in a world where the media wants to

appeal as many people as possible. With the rise of digital platforms, they only

need to make some people happy. Also, controversy can drive clicks


What was Tom Cotton's op-ed about? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔He called for deployment

of military to protest hot spots to quell riots


Why did NYT reporters protest Tom Cotton's op-ed? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔It incited

violence against Black people and was bad journalism in that it was reporting on a


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