NURS 5315: ADV PATHO EXAM 1 EXAM
WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Atrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially
there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural
components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
,P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast
cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem
cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
,C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSNa and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - CORRECT-ANSWERSintracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - CORRECT-ANSWERSsodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty
arthritis, tophus, nephritis
, Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSkidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSnerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSlung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSbreast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces,
red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle
trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of
intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes
such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2025
Atrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially
there is an increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural
components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood
supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell division)
must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage or partial
resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by increased hormonal
stimulation (endometrial). increase of production of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes. uterine or mammary
gland enlargement during pregnancy
Dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in size,
shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
,P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth. aka atypical
hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap smear, breast
cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must
undergo laser/surgical tx
Metaplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSE: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors, injury, or
irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces a reprogramming of stem
cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of smoker or normal
ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are replaced by stratified squamous
epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar
epithelial cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
Hypoxia injury - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases
anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
Free radical and ROS - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. normal byproduct of ATP production,
will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
,C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis
Ethanol - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation
and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible
Oncosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSNa and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever,
hypocalcemia, certain infections
Fatty Infiltration - CORRECT-ANSWERSintracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis
dystrophic calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis
metastatic calcification - CORRECT-ANSWERSaccumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D.
Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
urate accumulation - CORRECT-ANSWERSsodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty
arthritis, tophus, nephritis
, Coagulative Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSkidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
Liquefactive Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSnerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus
Caseous Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSlung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
Fat Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSbreast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
Gangrenous Necrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
Gout - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30
years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces,
red wine, or red meat
Rhabdomyolysis - CORRECT-ANSWERSE. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle
trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
P. hypoxia to cell causes failure of the Na-K pump, causing accumulation of
intracellular sodium, oncosis, and eventual cell death. Cell death releases enzymes
such as CK, uric acid, LDH, AST, etc.
