ILTS HISTORY 246 EXAM 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
General Political Theory (4 major purposes of a govt) - ANS -ensuring national security
-providing public services
-ensuring social order
-making decisions regarding the economy
4 main theories regarding origin of the state - ANS -evolutionary (from family structure to
govt structure)
-by force
-divine right
-social contract (allowing yourself to be governed in return for protection)
greek philosophers who believed scientifically organized order in political matters would create
stable/just societies - ANS Aristotle and Plato
Thomas Aquinas - ANS -individuals have certain rights and duties that dictate the extent of
government rule
-modern constitutionalism
Niccolo Machiavelli - ANS -author of The Prince
-politics based on power
-father of modern political science
1 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
,Thomas Hobbes - ANS -author of Leviathan (1651)
-life is a quest for power, state must work to control this urge
-people are unable to live in harmony without the intervention of a powerful government
John Locke - ANS -author of Two Treatises of Government (1689)
-opposed Hobbes view
-"tabula rasa" theory that people's experiences shape them, not innate intuition
-men are independent and equal
-ideas are in US constitution
David Hume and Jeremy Bentham - ANS -politics should maintain the "greatest happiness for
the greatest number"
-skepticism, don't believe things until proof can be observed
John Stuart Mill - ANS -british philosopher and economist
-progressive policies
Johann Fichte and Georg Hegal - ANS -german philosophers
-liberalism grounded largely in socialism and in a sense of nationalism
federalism and its two positions - ANS -power divided between national and state
government
-two positions: more state power vs more fed power
First 10 US Amendments - ANS 1. freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly
2 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, 2. bear arms
3. congress can't force housing troops
4. unreasonable search and seizure
5. cant testify against self, cant be tried twice for same crime
6. criminal trial by jury, right to legal council
7. civil trial by jury
8. excessive bail, cruel punishment
9. safeguards rights not explicit in constitution
10, any right not directly delegated to natl govt, goes to states or the people
15th, 19th, 26th Amendments - ANS 15: former male slaves can vote
19: women can vote
26: all citizens over 18 can vote
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 - ANS 1890: prohibits trusts, monopolies (promotes competition)
1914: prohibits price discrimination
2 types of major consumer behavior (macro) - ANS -marginal propensity (tendency of
increasing spending when income increases)
-utility (use and satisfaction of a good)
5 forms of unemployment - ANS -frictional (transition b/w jobs)
-structural (economic shift impacts jobs)
-cyclical
-technological
-seasonal
3 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
General Political Theory (4 major purposes of a govt) - ANS -ensuring national security
-providing public services
-ensuring social order
-making decisions regarding the economy
4 main theories regarding origin of the state - ANS -evolutionary (from family structure to
govt structure)
-by force
-divine right
-social contract (allowing yourself to be governed in return for protection)
greek philosophers who believed scientifically organized order in political matters would create
stable/just societies - ANS Aristotle and Plato
Thomas Aquinas - ANS -individuals have certain rights and duties that dictate the extent of
government rule
-modern constitutionalism
Niccolo Machiavelli - ANS -author of The Prince
-politics based on power
-father of modern political science
1 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
,Thomas Hobbes - ANS -author of Leviathan (1651)
-life is a quest for power, state must work to control this urge
-people are unable to live in harmony without the intervention of a powerful government
John Locke - ANS -author of Two Treatises of Government (1689)
-opposed Hobbes view
-"tabula rasa" theory that people's experiences shape them, not innate intuition
-men are independent and equal
-ideas are in US constitution
David Hume and Jeremy Bentham - ANS -politics should maintain the "greatest happiness for
the greatest number"
-skepticism, don't believe things until proof can be observed
John Stuart Mill - ANS -british philosopher and economist
-progressive policies
Johann Fichte and Georg Hegal - ANS -german philosophers
-liberalism grounded largely in socialism and in a sense of nationalism
federalism and its two positions - ANS -power divided between national and state
government
-two positions: more state power vs more fed power
First 10 US Amendments - ANS 1. freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly
2 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, 2. bear arms
3. congress can't force housing troops
4. unreasonable search and seizure
5. cant testify against self, cant be tried twice for same crime
6. criminal trial by jury, right to legal council
7. civil trial by jury
8. excessive bail, cruel punishment
9. safeguards rights not explicit in constitution
10, any right not directly delegated to natl govt, goes to states or the people
15th, 19th, 26th Amendments - ANS 15: former male slaves can vote
19: women can vote
26: all citizens over 18 can vote
Sherman Antitrust Act 1890
Clayton Antitrust Act 1914 - ANS 1890: prohibits trusts, monopolies (promotes competition)
1914: prohibits price discrimination
2 types of major consumer behavior (macro) - ANS -marginal propensity (tendency of
increasing spending when income increases)
-utility (use and satisfaction of a good)
5 forms of unemployment - ANS -frictional (transition b/w jobs)
-structural (economic shift impacts jobs)
-cyclical
-technological
-seasonal
3 @COPYRIGHT THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
