APHY 101 Ch 3: Cells Ivy Tech Exam
Questions and Answers 2025/2026 A+
Graded 100% Verified
cell theory - ANS-cells are the structural and functional unit of life and cells come from
pre-existing cells
3 major parts of a cell - ANS-cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
plasma membrane - ANS-a phospholipid bilayer that creates a barrier between the inside of a
cell (intracellular fluid) and the exterior (extracellular fluid); acts in transporting substances into
or out of the cell; externally facing proteins acts as receptors, transport proteins, and in
cell-to-cell recognition
organelles in cytoplasm - ANS-Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
centrosome, lysosome, vesicles, peroxisomes
mitochondria - ANS-Powerhouse of the cell; organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production (cellular respiration); double-membrane structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes
golgi apparatus - ANS-Stack of flattened membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins created in the endoplasmic reticulum; segregates proteins for secretion from
the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane
lysosomes - ANS-membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes used to break down or
digest materials that are excreted or recycled
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-network of interconnected membranes forming channels
within the cell that are free of ribosomes; contains enzymes that function to produce transport
vesicles, synthesize of lipids and steroids, detoxify substances, regulate cellular calcium levels
rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-system of membranes enclosing cisterns and coiling
through the cytoplasm; appears rough due to the presence of ribosomes which manufacture all
proteins secreted from cells; functions to attach sugar groups to proteins in the cisterns, proteins
are bound to vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites, external face
synthesize phospholipids
, peroxisomes - ANS-membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; detoxify substances;
most important enzyme is catalase for breaking down hydrogen peroxide; eliminates free
radicals
cytoskeleton - ANS-provides structural framework of the cell and gives it shape; consists of
protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules; resists mechanical forces
(compression and pulling apart)
centrosome - ANS-specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule
formation occurs (contains two centrioles which are normally oriented perpendicular to each
other)
microtubules - ANS-part of cytoskeleton; slender tubes that provide movement in cilia and
flagella; maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within
the cell
secretory vesicles - ANS-membrane bound bubbles that carry chemical substances like lipids
and proteins to the cell membrane where they are released or secreted from the cell
exocytosis - ANS-cellular process where cells eject waste products or chemical transmitters
(such as hormones) from the interior of the cell; requires ATP
ribosomes - ANS-site of protein synthesis; composed of rRNA and protein
centriole - ANS-a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate
during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase to aid in mitosis
nuclear pores - ANS-structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials
between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
nucleolus - ANS-dense body of RNA and protein within the nucleus that produces rRNA
(organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled)
nuclear envelope - ANS-double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of
materials in and out of the nucleus; separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
nucleus - ANS-largest organelle; spherical organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelop;
contains chromatin and nucleolus; control center of the cell; provides instructions for protein
synthesis; transmits genetic information
inclusion - ANS-in cytoplasm stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules that
are not bound by membrane
Questions and Answers 2025/2026 A+
Graded 100% Verified
cell theory - ANS-cells are the structural and functional unit of life and cells come from
pre-existing cells
3 major parts of a cell - ANS-cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
plasma membrane - ANS-a phospholipid bilayer that creates a barrier between the inside of a
cell (intracellular fluid) and the exterior (extracellular fluid); acts in transporting substances into
or out of the cell; externally facing proteins acts as receptors, transport proteins, and in
cell-to-cell recognition
organelles in cytoplasm - ANS-Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
centrosome, lysosome, vesicles, peroxisomes
mitochondria - ANS-Powerhouse of the cell; organelle that is the site of ATP (energy)
production (cellular respiration); double-membrane structure; contains own DNA and ribosomes
golgi apparatus - ANS-Stack of flattened membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and
packages proteins created in the endoplasmic reticulum; segregates proteins for secretion from
the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane
lysosomes - ANS-membranous sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymes used to break down or
digest materials that are excreted or recycled
smooth endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-network of interconnected membranes forming channels
within the cell that are free of ribosomes; contains enzymes that function to produce transport
vesicles, synthesize of lipids and steroids, detoxify substances, regulate cellular calcium levels
rough endoplasmic reticulum - ANS-system of membranes enclosing cisterns and coiling
through the cytoplasm; appears rough due to the presence of ribosomes which manufacture all
proteins secreted from cells; functions to attach sugar groups to proteins in the cisterns, proteins
are bound to vesicles for transport to the golgi apparatus and other sites, external face
synthesize phospholipids
, peroxisomes - ANS-membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes; detoxify substances;
most important enzyme is catalase for breaking down hydrogen peroxide; eliminates free
radicals
cytoskeleton - ANS-provides structural framework of the cell and gives it shape; consists of
protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules; resists mechanical forces
(compression and pulling apart)
centrosome - ANS-specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule
formation occurs (contains two centrioles which are normally oriented perpendicular to each
other)
microtubules - ANS-part of cytoskeleton; slender tubes that provide movement in cilia and
flagella; maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within
the cell
secretory vesicles - ANS-membrane bound bubbles that carry chemical substances like lipids
and proteins to the cell membrane where they are released or secreted from the cell
exocytosis - ANS-cellular process where cells eject waste products or chemical transmitters
(such as hormones) from the interior of the cell; requires ATP
ribosomes - ANS-site of protein synthesis; composed of rRNA and protein
centriole - ANS-a pair of small cylindrical structures composed of microtubules that duplicate
during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase to aid in mitosis
nuclear pores - ANS-structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials
between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm
nucleolus - ANS-dense body of RNA and protein within the nucleus that produces rRNA
(organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled)
nuclear envelope - ANS-double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of
materials in and out of the nucleus; separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
nucleus - ANS-largest organelle; spherical organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelop;
contains chromatin and nucleolus; control center of the cell; provides instructions for protein
synthesis; transmits genetic information
inclusion - ANS-in cytoplasm stored nutrients, secretory products, and pigment granules that
are not bound by membrane
