1
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Path of blood flow through the heart & know that oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary vein
Unoxygenated blood from Inferior Vena Cava (lower extremities) / Superior Vena Cava (upper extremities) →
Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs for oxygenation → Pulmonary Vein → Left
Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Upper and lower extremities through arteries
Know what makes up the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton maintains cells shape, anchors, organelles and assist with transport. Made up of Micro filament
(actin) is closer to the cell membrane; Intermediate filament is in the middle of the cell and random;
Microtubule branches out of the nucleus
Know where ADH is secreted from
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the
pituitary gland. It helps the kidneys control how much water the body loses through urine. When ADH is
released, the kidneys conserve water and produce more concentrated urine
Hormone production & know which gland endocrine hormones are produced/secreted by
Hormones are produced by endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus:
• Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones: Regulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland (often referred to as the “master gland”):
• Anterior Pituitary:
o Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
o Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland.
o Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal glands.
o Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Regulates testosterone and estrogen.
o Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and sperm production.
o Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production
• Posterior Pituitary:
o Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Regulates water balance in the body.
By A.J.L. 12/12/2024
, 2
o Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during
breastfeeding.
Thyroid Gland:
• Thyroxine (T4): Regulates metabolism.
• Triiodothyronine (T3): Also regulates metabolism and is more active than T4.
• Calcitonin: Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Parathyroid Glands:
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium release
from bones and absorption in the intestines.
Adrenal Glands:
• Adrenal Cortex:
o Cortisol: Regulates metabolism, helps the body respond to stress.
o Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium levels, and blood pressure.
o Androgens: Precursor hormones to sex hormones.
• Adrenal Medulla:
o Adrenaline (Epinephrine): Increases heart rate and energy in response to stress.
o Norepinephrine: Works with adrenaline to regulate the fight-or-flight response.
Pancreas:
• Insulin: Lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
• Glucagon: Raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver.
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes):
• Ovaries:
o Estrogens: Regulate the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.
o Progesterone: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates menstrual cycle.
• Testes:
o Testosterone: Regulates male reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.
Pineal Gland:
• Melatonin: Regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal biological rhythms.
By A.J.L. 12/12/2024
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Path of blood flow through the heart & know that oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary vein
Unoxygenated blood from Inferior Vena Cava (lower extremities) / Superior Vena Cava (upper extremities) →
Right Atrium → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs for oxygenation → Pulmonary Vein → Left
Atrium → Left Ventricle → Aorta → Upper and lower extremities through arteries
Know what makes up the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton maintains cells shape, anchors, organelles and assist with transport. Made up of Micro filament
(actin) is closer to the cell membrane; Intermediate filament is in the middle of the cell and random;
Microtubule branches out of the nucleus
Know where ADH is secreted from
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the
pituitary gland. It helps the kidneys control how much water the body loses through urine. When ADH is
released, the kidneys conserve water and produce more concentrated urine
Hormone production & know which gland endocrine hormones are produced/secreted by
Hormones are produced by endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus:
• Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones: Regulate the release of hormones from the pituitary gland.
Pituitary Gland (often referred to as the “master gland”):
• Anterior Pituitary:
o Growth Hormone (GH): Stimulates growth and cell reproduction.
o Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland.
o Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal glands.
o Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Regulates testosterone and estrogen.
o Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates ovarian follicle growth and sperm production.
o Prolactin (PRL): Stimulates milk production
• Posterior Pituitary:
o Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Regulates water balance in the body.
By A.J.L. 12/12/2024
, 2
o Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during
breastfeeding.
Thyroid Gland:
• Thyroxine (T4): Regulates metabolism.
• Triiodothyronine (T3): Also regulates metabolism and is more active than T4.
• Calcitonin: Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood.
Parathyroid Glands:
• Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium release
from bones and absorption in the intestines.
Adrenal Glands:
• Adrenal Cortex:
o Cortisol: Regulates metabolism, helps the body respond to stress.
o Aldosterone: Regulates sodium and potassium levels, and blood pressure.
o Androgens: Precursor hormones to sex hormones.
• Adrenal Medulla:
o Adrenaline (Epinephrine): Increases heart rate and energy in response to stress.
o Norepinephrine: Works with adrenaline to regulate the fight-or-flight response.
Pancreas:
• Insulin: Lowers blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
• Glucagon: Raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from the liver.
Gonads (Ovaries and Testes):
• Ovaries:
o Estrogens: Regulate the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics.
o Progesterone: Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates menstrual cycle.
• Testes:
o Testosterone: Regulates male reproductive functions and secondary sexual characteristics.
Pineal Gland:
• Melatonin: Regulates sleep-wake cycles and seasonal biological rhythms.
By A.J.L. 12/12/2024
