CHEMISTRY
HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR
VOLUME - II
REVISED BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
A Publication Under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
Untouchability is a sin
Untouchability is a crime
Untouchability is inhuman
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006
,© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2005
Revised Edition - 2007
CHAIRPERSON & AUTHOR
Dr. V.BALASUBRAMANIAN
Professor of Chemistry (Retd.)
Presidency College, (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 005.
REVIEWERS AUTHORS
Dr. M.KRISHNAMURTHI Dr. S.P. MEENAKSHISUNDRAM
Professor of Chemistry Professor of Chemistry,
Presidency College (Autonomous) Annamalai University,
Chennai - 600 005. Annamalai Nagar 608 002.
Dr. M.KANDASWAMY Dr. R. RAMESH
Professor and Head Senior Lecturer in Chemistry,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry Bharathidasan University
University of Madras Trichirapalli 620 024.
Chennai - 600 025.
Mrs. T. VIJAYARAGINI
Dr. M. PALANICHAMY P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Professor of Chemistry SBOA Mat. Higher Secondary School
Anna University Chennai - 600 101.
Chennai - 600 025.
Dr. S.MERLIN STEPHEN,
DR. J. SANTHANALAKSHMI P.G.Teacher in Chemistry
Professor of Physical Chemistry CSI Bain Mat. Hr. Sec. School
University of Madras Kilpauk, Chennai - 600 010.
Chennai - 600 025.
Dr. K. SATHYANARAYANAN,
Mr. V. JAISANKAR, P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Lecturer in Chemistry Stanes Anglo Indian Hr. Sec. School,
L.N.Government Arts College, Coimbatore - 18.
Ponneri - 601 204.
Dr. M. RAJALAKSHMI
P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Chettinad Vidyashram
Chennai - 600 028.
Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education
on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu.
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M paper
Printed by Offset at :
(ii)
, PREFACE
Where has chemistry come from ? Throughout the history of the human
race, people have struggled to make sense of the world around them. Through
the branch of science we call chemistry we have gained an understanding of the
matter which makes up our world and of the interactions between particles on
which it depends. The ancient Greek philosophers had their own ideas of the
nature of matter, proposing atoms as the smallest indivisible particles. However,
although these ideas seems to fit with modern models of matter, so many other
Ancient Greek ideas were wrong that chemistry cannot truly be said to have
started there.
Alchemy was a mixture of scientific investigation and mystical quest, with
strands of philosophy from Greece, China, Egypt and Arabia mixed in. The main
aims of alchemy that emerged with time were the quest for the elixir of life (the
drinking of which would endue the alchemist with immortality), and the search
for the philosopher’s stone, which would turn base metals into gold. Improbable
as these ideas might seem today, the alchemists continued their quests for around
2000 years and achieved some remarkable successes, even if the elixir of life
and the philosopher‟s stone never appeared.
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, pioneering work by Antoine
and Marie Lavoisier and by John Dalton on the chemistry of air and the atomic
nature of matter paved the way for modern chemistry. During the nineteenth
century chemists worked steadily towards an understanding of the relationships
between the different chemical elements and the way they react together. A great
body of work was built up from careful observation and experimentation until the
relationship which we now represent as the periodic table emerged. This brought
order to the chemical world, and from then on chemists have never looked back.
Modern society looks to chemists to produce, amongst many things, healing
drugs, pesticides and fertilisers to ensure better crops and chemicals for the many
synthetic materials produced in the twenty-first century. It also looks for an
academic understanding of how matter works and how the environment might
be protected from the source of pollutants. Fortunately, chemistry holds many of
the answers !
, Following the progressing trend in chemistry, it enters into other branches
of chemistry and answers for all those miracles that are found in all living organisms.
The present book is written after following the revised syllabus, keeping in view
with the expectations of National Council of Educational Research & Training
(NCERT). The questions that are given in each and every chapter can be taken
only as model questions. A lot of self evaluation questions, like, choose the best
answer, fill up the blanks and very short answer type questions are given in all
chapters. While preparing for the examination, students should not restrict
themselves, only to the questions/problems given in the self evaluation.
They must be prepared to answer the questions and problems from the
entire text.
Learning objectives may create an awareness to understand each and
every chapter.
Sufficient reference books are suggested so as to enable the students to
acquire more informations about the concepts of chemistry.
Dr. V. BALASUBRAMANIAN
Chairperson
Syllabus Revision Committee (Chemistry)
& XI Std Chemistry Text Book Writing Committee
HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR
VOLUME - II
REVISED BASED ON THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE
TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
A Publication Under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)
Untouchability is a sin
Untouchability is a crime
Untouchability is inhuman
TAMILNADU
TEXTBOOK CORPORATION
College Road, Chennai - 600 006
,© Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2005
Revised Edition - 2007
CHAIRPERSON & AUTHOR
Dr. V.BALASUBRAMANIAN
Professor of Chemistry (Retd.)
Presidency College, (Autonomous), Chennai - 600 005.
REVIEWERS AUTHORS
Dr. M.KRISHNAMURTHI Dr. S.P. MEENAKSHISUNDRAM
Professor of Chemistry Professor of Chemistry,
Presidency College (Autonomous) Annamalai University,
Chennai - 600 005. Annamalai Nagar 608 002.
Dr. M.KANDASWAMY Dr. R. RAMESH
Professor and Head Senior Lecturer in Chemistry,
Department of Inorganic Chemistry Bharathidasan University
University of Madras Trichirapalli 620 024.
Chennai - 600 025.
Mrs. T. VIJAYARAGINI
Dr. M. PALANICHAMY P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Professor of Chemistry SBOA Mat. Higher Secondary School
Anna University Chennai - 600 101.
Chennai - 600 025.
Dr. S.MERLIN STEPHEN,
DR. J. SANTHANALAKSHMI P.G.Teacher in Chemistry
Professor of Physical Chemistry CSI Bain Mat. Hr. Sec. School
University of Madras Kilpauk, Chennai - 600 010.
Chennai - 600 025.
Dr. K. SATHYANARAYANAN,
Mr. V. JAISANKAR, P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Lecturer in Chemistry Stanes Anglo Indian Hr. Sec. School,
L.N.Government Arts College, Coimbatore - 18.
Ponneri - 601 204.
Dr. M. RAJALAKSHMI
P.G. Teacher in Chemistry,
Chettinad Vidyashram
Chennai - 600 028.
Price : Rs.
This book has been prepared by the Directorate of School Education
on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu.
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M paper
Printed by Offset at :
(ii)
, PREFACE
Where has chemistry come from ? Throughout the history of the human
race, people have struggled to make sense of the world around them. Through
the branch of science we call chemistry we have gained an understanding of the
matter which makes up our world and of the interactions between particles on
which it depends. The ancient Greek philosophers had their own ideas of the
nature of matter, proposing atoms as the smallest indivisible particles. However,
although these ideas seems to fit with modern models of matter, so many other
Ancient Greek ideas were wrong that chemistry cannot truly be said to have
started there.
Alchemy was a mixture of scientific investigation and mystical quest, with
strands of philosophy from Greece, China, Egypt and Arabia mixed in. The main
aims of alchemy that emerged with time were the quest for the elixir of life (the
drinking of which would endue the alchemist with immortality), and the search
for the philosopher’s stone, which would turn base metals into gold. Improbable
as these ideas might seem today, the alchemists continued their quests for around
2000 years and achieved some remarkable successes, even if the elixir of life
and the philosopher‟s stone never appeared.
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, pioneering work by Antoine
and Marie Lavoisier and by John Dalton on the chemistry of air and the atomic
nature of matter paved the way for modern chemistry. During the nineteenth
century chemists worked steadily towards an understanding of the relationships
between the different chemical elements and the way they react together. A great
body of work was built up from careful observation and experimentation until the
relationship which we now represent as the periodic table emerged. This brought
order to the chemical world, and from then on chemists have never looked back.
Modern society looks to chemists to produce, amongst many things, healing
drugs, pesticides and fertilisers to ensure better crops and chemicals for the many
synthetic materials produced in the twenty-first century. It also looks for an
academic understanding of how matter works and how the environment might
be protected from the source of pollutants. Fortunately, chemistry holds many of
the answers !
, Following the progressing trend in chemistry, it enters into other branches
of chemistry and answers for all those miracles that are found in all living organisms.
The present book is written after following the revised syllabus, keeping in view
with the expectations of National Council of Educational Research & Training
(NCERT). The questions that are given in each and every chapter can be taken
only as model questions. A lot of self evaluation questions, like, choose the best
answer, fill up the blanks and very short answer type questions are given in all
chapters. While preparing for the examination, students should not restrict
themselves, only to the questions/problems given in the self evaluation.
They must be prepared to answer the questions and problems from the
entire text.
Learning objectives may create an awareness to understand each and
every chapter.
Sufficient reference books are suggested so as to enable the students to
acquire more informations about the concepts of chemistry.
Dr. V. BALASUBRAMANIAN
Chairperson
Syllabus Revision Committee (Chemistry)
& XI Std Chemistry Text Book Writing Committee
