AQA Geography GCSE 9-1 - UK
List some lowlands and rivers in the UK - (correct Answer) - Tray, Clyde, Mersey, Thames, Severn, Wye
List some uplands found in the UK - (correct Answer) - Lake district, Snowdonia, Dartmoor, Pennines,
Grampian mountains
List some coastlines in the UK - (correct Answer) - the Holderness forest, Dorset coast
Define Landscape - (correct Answer) - an extensive area of land regarded as being visually and physically
distinct
define relief - (correct Answer) - shape of the land whether it is high or low
define uplands - (correct Answer) - areas that are mountainous and hilly and are high above the sea
levels
define lowlands - (correct Answer) - areas that are relatively flat and not very high above sea levels
define coast - (correct Answer) - it is the barrier between land and sea
define swash - (correct Answer) - when a wave breaks, water rushes up the beach
define backwash - (correct Answer) - the water that runs back down the beach, back out to the sea
under the force of gravity.
how are waves formed? - (correct Answer) - by wind blowing over the water
the energy that a wave has depends on what? - (correct Answer) - the strength of the wind and its
direction, the length of time the wind is blowing for,and the fetch.
define fetch - (correct Answer) - distance the wind blows over the water
what are the two types of wave - (correct Answer) - constructive (builds up the beach) and
destructive(destroys a beach)
features of constructive waves: - (correct Answer) - waves are low in height, low energy, less frequent
waves, created in calm weather, strong swash, weak backwash, leave material on beach.
features of destructive waves: - (correct Answer) - waves are further apart and much steeper, lots of
energy, more frequent, a taller wave breaks downwards with more force which wears the beach away,
weak swash and strong backwash, so carry material away from the beach.
what is weathering? - (correct Answer) - the breakdown of rocks by physical or chemical changes in one
place (situ)
what is erosion? - (correct Answer) - the wearing away and removal of the land by rivers, glaciers and the
wind.
what are the two different types of weathering? - (correct Answer) - mechanical and chemical
, what is mechanical weathering? - (correct Answer) - it is the breakdown of rock without changing its
chemical composition such as freeze-thaw weathering and salt weathering
what is chemical weathering? - (correct Answer) - the breakdown of rock by changing its chemical
composition such as carbonation weathering
features of freeze-thaw weathering: - (correct Answer) - -happens when water enters cracks
-when night temps fall below freezing, the water freezes and increase the volume by 9%, putting
pressure on the rock around the crack.
-if the daytime temps rise above freezing, the ice will thaw and relive the pressure
-constant repetition of freezing and thawing cycle causes angular rocks fragments to break away and
collect as scree at the base of the cliff.
features of salt weathering: - (correct Answer) - -is when salt spray from the sea gets into a crack in a
rock
-it may evaporate and crystallise, putting pressure on the surrounding rock and weakening the structure
features of carbonation weathering: - (correct Answer) - -is when carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with
the calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves in the rock
-this is soluble, so limestone is carries away in solution
-H20 reacts with CO2 creating acid rain
define mass movement - (correct Answer) - the shifting of rocks and loose material down slope under
the influence of gravity
what are the three types of mass movement - (correct Answer) - rockfalls, landslides and rotational
features of rockfalls: - (correct Answer) - rockfall is the rapid freefall of rocks from a steep cliff face. rock
fragments fall because of gravity. made worse by freeze thaw weathering loosening the rock. bare, well-
jointed rock is vulnerable to rockfall.
- water enters the joint, freezes and expands which cracks the rock. a scree slope is formed at the
bottom of the cliff.
features of landslides: - (correct Answer) - downhill movement of large amounts of rock, soil and mud.
slides occur on cliffs previously weakened by weathering. heavy rain infiltrates the soil and percolates
down into the rock. saturated mass falls away along a distinct slip plane. mud slides are wet, rapid and
tend to occur where slopes are steep
features of rotational: - (correct Answer) - a slump has a concave slip plane so material is rotated
backwards into the cliff face as it slips as large pieces of rock are pulled downwards. rotational slumping
is common at clay cliffs, as dry weather makes the clay crack allowing water to get into it
List some lowlands and rivers in the UK - (correct Answer) - Tray, Clyde, Mersey, Thames, Severn, Wye
List some uplands found in the UK - (correct Answer) - Lake district, Snowdonia, Dartmoor, Pennines,
Grampian mountains
List some coastlines in the UK - (correct Answer) - the Holderness forest, Dorset coast
Define Landscape - (correct Answer) - an extensive area of land regarded as being visually and physically
distinct
define relief - (correct Answer) - shape of the land whether it is high or low
define uplands - (correct Answer) - areas that are mountainous and hilly and are high above the sea
levels
define lowlands - (correct Answer) - areas that are relatively flat and not very high above sea levels
define coast - (correct Answer) - it is the barrier between land and sea
define swash - (correct Answer) - when a wave breaks, water rushes up the beach
define backwash - (correct Answer) - the water that runs back down the beach, back out to the sea
under the force of gravity.
how are waves formed? - (correct Answer) - by wind blowing over the water
the energy that a wave has depends on what? - (correct Answer) - the strength of the wind and its
direction, the length of time the wind is blowing for,and the fetch.
define fetch - (correct Answer) - distance the wind blows over the water
what are the two types of wave - (correct Answer) - constructive (builds up the beach) and
destructive(destroys a beach)
features of constructive waves: - (correct Answer) - waves are low in height, low energy, less frequent
waves, created in calm weather, strong swash, weak backwash, leave material on beach.
features of destructive waves: - (correct Answer) - waves are further apart and much steeper, lots of
energy, more frequent, a taller wave breaks downwards with more force which wears the beach away,
weak swash and strong backwash, so carry material away from the beach.
what is weathering? - (correct Answer) - the breakdown of rocks by physical or chemical changes in one
place (situ)
what is erosion? - (correct Answer) - the wearing away and removal of the land by rivers, glaciers and the
wind.
what are the two different types of weathering? - (correct Answer) - mechanical and chemical
, what is mechanical weathering? - (correct Answer) - it is the breakdown of rock without changing its
chemical composition such as freeze-thaw weathering and salt weathering
what is chemical weathering? - (correct Answer) - the breakdown of rock by changing its chemical
composition such as carbonation weathering
features of freeze-thaw weathering: - (correct Answer) - -happens when water enters cracks
-when night temps fall below freezing, the water freezes and increase the volume by 9%, putting
pressure on the rock around the crack.
-if the daytime temps rise above freezing, the ice will thaw and relive the pressure
-constant repetition of freezing and thawing cycle causes angular rocks fragments to break away and
collect as scree at the base of the cliff.
features of salt weathering: - (correct Answer) - -is when salt spray from the sea gets into a crack in a
rock
-it may evaporate and crystallise, putting pressure on the surrounding rock and weakening the structure
features of carbonation weathering: - (correct Answer) - -is when carbonic acid in rainwater reacts with
the calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves in the rock
-this is soluble, so limestone is carries away in solution
-H20 reacts with CO2 creating acid rain
define mass movement - (correct Answer) - the shifting of rocks and loose material down slope under
the influence of gravity
what are the three types of mass movement - (correct Answer) - rockfalls, landslides and rotational
features of rockfalls: - (correct Answer) - rockfall is the rapid freefall of rocks from a steep cliff face. rock
fragments fall because of gravity. made worse by freeze thaw weathering loosening the rock. bare, well-
jointed rock is vulnerable to rockfall.
- water enters the joint, freezes and expands which cracks the rock. a scree slope is formed at the
bottom of the cliff.
features of landslides: - (correct Answer) - downhill movement of large amounts of rock, soil and mud.
slides occur on cliffs previously weakened by weathering. heavy rain infiltrates the soil and percolates
down into the rock. saturated mass falls away along a distinct slip plane. mud slides are wet, rapid and
tend to occur where slopes are steep
features of rotational: - (correct Answer) - a slump has a concave slip plane so material is rotated
backwards into the cliff face as it slips as large pieces of rock are pulled downwards. rotational slumping
is common at clay cliffs, as dry weather makes the clay crack allowing water to get into it
