HCS 215: Test 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
1 osmolar = Correct Answers a solution containing 1 mole of
solute particles
1 osmole = Correct Answers one mole of solute particles
absorbed carbohydrates are broken down to Correct Answers
monosaccharides
absorption Correct Answers movement of a substance from
the external environment to the internal environment by
transport across an epithelium; in the cardiovascular system, the
bulk flow of fluid from the interstitial space into a capillary
Actions of glucagon Correct Answers Mobilization of energy
stores (Glycogenolysis and Lipolysis)
Synthesizes new glucose
(Gluconeogenesis)
Catabolic hormone
activation energy Correct Answers amount of energy needed
to move a reaction forward (Limits how fast a reaction goes,
activation energy = energy barrier, and activation energy
changes dependent on direction of reaction)
Active transport Correct Answers non spontaneous, requires
cell energy, involves a "pump" (membrane protein), and uphill
movement
,Active transport: pump characteristics Correct Answers A type
of membrane protein, functions as a transporter and an enzyme,
can harness energy, has specific binding sites, and demonstrates
saturation
additive Correct Answers net effect equals the sum of the
individual effects
Adrenal glands secretes Correct Answers adrenocorticoids
produced from cortex (include mineral corticoids = aldosterone,
glucorticoids = cortisol, and sex hormones = androgens )
catecholamines secreted from adrenal medulla (epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Adrenal glands: two structures Correct Answers cortex: outer
layer made from epithelial tissue
medulla: inner layer derived from neural tissue
agonists Correct Answers chemical that binds to receptor
its action mimics the normal response
amines (chemical class of messengers) Correct Answers Most
are lipophobic, except thyroid hormones
Target receptors on the cell membrane
Made or derived from an amino acid
Contains an amine group
(Examples:
Catecholamines: Made from tyrosine
Dopamine, norepinephrine, ephinephrine
,Thyroid hormones: Made from two tyrosine amino acids
Histamine: Made from histidine
Serotonin: Made from tryptophan)
amino acids (chemical class of messengers) Correct Answers
Lipophobic
Target cell receptors on the cell membrane
Only four amino acids function as messengers, all as
neurotransmitters
(Examples: Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA)
anabolism Correct Answers Synthesis of larger molecules
from smaller reactants
biomolecules that provide energy are also used in large-
molecule synthesis
mechanism exists to regulate pathways
antagonism Correct Answers Effects of hormones oppose each
other
(Example: Glucagon vs. insulin
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels)
antagonist Correct Answers Chemical that binds to a receptor
Binding does not result in a response
Competes with the normal ligand
, Response is the opposite of that to an agonist
apical membrane Correct Answers membrane on the side of an
epithelial cell that faces the lumen of a body cavity; the lumen-
facing membrane
autocrine chemical messenger Correct Answers chemical that
signals the same cell that secreted it, the source and target are
the same (a subclass of paracrine)
basal metabolic rate (BMR) Correct Answers rate of energy
expenditure of a person awake, rising, lying down, or who has
fasted for 12 hours
represents the minimum energy expenditure necessary to
maintain body functions
basolateral membrane Correct Answers membrane on the side
of an epithelial cell that faces the internal environment and is in
contact with interstitial fluid; blood-facing membrane
Binding and affinity in signal transduction Correct Answers
receptor binding depends on specificity
binding is brief and reversible
affinity is the strength of binding
calcitonin (hormone of thyroid gland) Correct Answers
reduces calcium levels in the blood by two main mechanisms: It
inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and decreases the resorption
of calcium in the kidneys
1 osmolar = Correct Answers a solution containing 1 mole of
solute particles
1 osmole = Correct Answers one mole of solute particles
absorbed carbohydrates are broken down to Correct Answers
monosaccharides
absorption Correct Answers movement of a substance from
the external environment to the internal environment by
transport across an epithelium; in the cardiovascular system, the
bulk flow of fluid from the interstitial space into a capillary
Actions of glucagon Correct Answers Mobilization of energy
stores (Glycogenolysis and Lipolysis)
Synthesizes new glucose
(Gluconeogenesis)
Catabolic hormone
activation energy Correct Answers amount of energy needed
to move a reaction forward (Limits how fast a reaction goes,
activation energy = energy barrier, and activation energy
changes dependent on direction of reaction)
Active transport Correct Answers non spontaneous, requires
cell energy, involves a "pump" (membrane protein), and uphill
movement
,Active transport: pump characteristics Correct Answers A type
of membrane protein, functions as a transporter and an enzyme,
can harness energy, has specific binding sites, and demonstrates
saturation
additive Correct Answers net effect equals the sum of the
individual effects
Adrenal glands secretes Correct Answers adrenocorticoids
produced from cortex (include mineral corticoids = aldosterone,
glucorticoids = cortisol, and sex hormones = androgens )
catecholamines secreted from adrenal medulla (epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and dopamine)
Adrenal glands: two structures Correct Answers cortex: outer
layer made from epithelial tissue
medulla: inner layer derived from neural tissue
agonists Correct Answers chemical that binds to receptor
its action mimics the normal response
amines (chemical class of messengers) Correct Answers Most
are lipophobic, except thyroid hormones
Target receptors on the cell membrane
Made or derived from an amino acid
Contains an amine group
(Examples:
Catecholamines: Made from tyrosine
Dopamine, norepinephrine, ephinephrine
,Thyroid hormones: Made from two tyrosine amino acids
Histamine: Made from histidine
Serotonin: Made from tryptophan)
amino acids (chemical class of messengers) Correct Answers
Lipophobic
Target cell receptors on the cell membrane
Only four amino acids function as messengers, all as
neurotransmitters
(Examples: Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA)
anabolism Correct Answers Synthesis of larger molecules
from smaller reactants
biomolecules that provide energy are also used in large-
molecule synthesis
mechanism exists to regulate pathways
antagonism Correct Answers Effects of hormones oppose each
other
(Example: Glucagon vs. insulin
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels
Insulin decreases blood glucose levels)
antagonist Correct Answers Chemical that binds to a receptor
Binding does not result in a response
Competes with the normal ligand
, Response is the opposite of that to an agonist
apical membrane Correct Answers membrane on the side of an
epithelial cell that faces the lumen of a body cavity; the lumen-
facing membrane
autocrine chemical messenger Correct Answers chemical that
signals the same cell that secreted it, the source and target are
the same (a subclass of paracrine)
basal metabolic rate (BMR) Correct Answers rate of energy
expenditure of a person awake, rising, lying down, or who has
fasted for 12 hours
represents the minimum energy expenditure necessary to
maintain body functions
basolateral membrane Correct Answers membrane on the side
of an epithelial cell that faces the internal environment and is in
contact with interstitial fluid; blood-facing membrane
Binding and affinity in signal transduction Correct Answers
receptor binding depends on specificity
binding is brief and reversible
affinity is the strength of binding
calcitonin (hormone of thyroid gland) Correct Answers
reduces calcium levels in the blood by two main mechanisms: It
inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and decreases the resorption
of calcium in the kidneys
