LIFESCIENC LS 7C PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
,1. How do we study microbes present in gut?: 16S
Sequencing Protocol look at specific sequences on a gene that
codes for ribosomes
They code for protein
This region is conserved
2. 16S Data Visualization - Cluster Analysis: shows variation
between biological samples each sphere represents the
microbiota of a biologic samples distance represents
dissimilarities in sequence between microbial samples
Beta Diversity
3. Alpha Diversity: relative abundance of bacteria/ bacterial
diversity within a bio- logic sample
how many microbes are in my poop?
each bar represents a biological sample
each color within a bar is a different phylum of a microbe and
shows relative abundance
4. Beta Diversity: differences in microbiota between people, body
regions, biologi- cal samples
how different is your microbiota from mine?
, micro biomes that share sequence similarities (likeness) are
clustered together
5. Bacterial Sequence Database Analysis: extract DNA from
poop samples sequence the DNA
compare the DNA sequences to a database known as the
bacterial sequences determine bacterial species and quantity of
each species
more sequences = more bacterial species
shows only alpha diversity because shows how many species of
microbes are in each group but doesn't show similarity between
the 2
6. Opening reading frame (ORF): stretch of DNA or RNA
consisting of codons for amino acids uninterrupted by a stop
codon (potentially protein coding region)
ORF is where we find the start codon and this is where the
protein begins being translated
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
,1. How do we study microbes present in gut?: 16S
Sequencing Protocol look at specific sequences on a gene that
codes for ribosomes
They code for protein
This region is conserved
2. 16S Data Visualization - Cluster Analysis: shows variation
between biological samples each sphere represents the
microbiota of a biologic samples distance represents
dissimilarities in sequence between microbial samples
Beta Diversity
3. Alpha Diversity: relative abundance of bacteria/ bacterial
diversity within a bio- logic sample
how many microbes are in my poop?
each bar represents a biological sample
each color within a bar is a different phylum of a microbe and
shows relative abundance
4. Beta Diversity: differences in microbiota between people, body
regions, biologi- cal samples
how different is your microbiota from mine?
, micro biomes that share sequence similarities (likeness) are
clustered together
5. Bacterial Sequence Database Analysis: extract DNA from
poop samples sequence the DNA
compare the DNA sequences to a database known as the
bacterial sequences determine bacterial species and quantity of
each species
more sequences = more bacterial species
shows only alpha diversity because shows how many species of
microbes are in each group but doesn't show similarity between
the 2
6. Opening reading frame (ORF): stretch of DNA or RNA
consisting of codons for amino acids uninterrupted by a stop
codon (potentially protein coding region)
ORF is where we find the start codon and this is where the
protein begins being translated
