,TESTBANK for Statistics Learning from Data , 3rd
Edition Roxy Peck
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
1. The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired is called a sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. A study is observational if the investigator observes the behavior of a response variable when one or
more factors are manipulated.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Suppose you are part of a gardening club with fifty members, all of whom are growing a particular
variety of tomatoes on a shared garden plot. Early in the growing season, you notice that tomatoes tended
by some members were noticeably redder than the tomatoes tended by other club members. You recall
that, at the start of the growing season, a new fertilizer became available and that some of the gardening
club members started to use it on their tomatoes. Which of the following studies could enable you to
determine whether the new fertilizer contributed to the redder tomatoes?
a. Survey six of the fifty club members asking them if they used the new fertilizer and rate their
tomato color.
b. Survey all fifty club members asking them if they used the new fertilizer and rate their tomato
color.
c. Ask a group of six club members to plant more tomatoes with three members using only the
new fertilizer and three members using only the old fertilizer.
d. Survey the ten club members with the reddest tomatoes and ask them which fertilizer they
used.
ANSWER: c
4. Which of the following statistical studies is observational?
a. A group of students is surveyed to determine the percentage who believe in reincarnation.
b. A random sample of students is shown a documentary on the evolution of reincarnation
beliefs throughout human history. A second random sample is not shown in the
documentary. The object of the study is to determine whether viewing the documentary
affects belief in reincarnation.
c. To determine whether vitamin C has any effectiveness at lessening the duration of the
common cold, one set of cold sufferers is given no vitamin C, a second set is given 2 grams
per day, and a third set is given 5 grams of vitamin C per day.
d. To determine if a new regenerative injection therapy is effective for reducing knee arthritis
pain, a randomly selected group of arthritis patients were randomly assigned to two
groups. In one group, the patients received physical therapy plus the new regenerative
injection therapy. In the other group, the patients received only physical therapy.
ANSWER: a
5. Which of the following statistical studies is an experimental study?
I) A researcher observes the effect of alcohol consumption on reaction time by administering
various quantities of alcohol to randomly selected subjects.
II) A study is conducted to see if exposure to increased carbon dioxide levels increases tomato
yield. Tomato plants are selected at random and then exposed to various doses of carbon dioxide.
III) Two random samples of senior adults are selected. The first group watches a 30-minute
presentation on Medicare fraud, while the other group does not watch the presentation. A survey is
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
then administered to measure the level of confidence that subjects have in their healthcare
providers.
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
6. Suppose you would like to know the flavor of ice cream preferred by the students at your
university. Which of the following studies would help you learn the preferred ice cream flavor of your
university student population?
a. Survey a random sample of fifty students asking them their favorite ice cream flavor.
b. Conduct an experiment on fifty student volunteers where the volunteers are randomly
assigned to different groups, each of which is asked to try a single flavor of ice cream and
report how well they like it.
c. Survey a sample of fifty students from the freshman class asking them their favorite ice cream
flavor.
d. Conduct an experiment on fifty students randomly selected students from the senior class. In
the experiment, the participants are randomly assigned to different groups, each of which is
asked to try a single flavor of ice cream and report how well they like it.
ANSWER: a
7. You’re the owner of a bakery that produces cakes for special events. You’re considering investing in
new equipment that would enable you to create larger cakes with more elaborate decorations. Before
investing in the new equipment, it is essential that you know whether or not your clients would pay more
money for the larger, more elaborate cakes. You have 100 clients, all of whom would respond to an
inquiry within the time frame in which you must decide whether or not to purchase the new equipment.
Which of the following studies would give you the best insight into whether or not your client population
would purchase the larger, more elaborately decorated cakes?
a. A survey of the next ten clients who contact you to order cakes
b. A survey of ten clients selected at random from a list of all your clients
c. A survey of the ten clients who placed the largest number of cake orders over the past year
d. A census of your clients
ANSWER: d
8. You’re a veterinarian interested in the effect of brisk, daily walks on the health of large dogs. You take
a survey of 100 dog owners and find that dogs taken for one or more brisk walks each day become ill less
frequently. Which of the following describes this finding?
a. A statistic because it reflects data taken from the entire population of large dogs
b. A population parameter because it reflects data taken from a sample
c. A statistic because it reflects data taken from a sample
d. A population characteristic because the study was based on a census.
ANSWER: c
9. You live in an apartment building with 50 residents. You’re investigating the effect of a new bus stop
on the ability of your building’s residents to arrive at work on time. You survey all 50 of the building’s
residents and ask them questions about their work arrival time since the new bus stop became available.
Which of the following accurately describes the results of your survey?
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
a. A population characteristic because it was based on a census
b. A statistic because the sample did not include residents from buildings in other neighborhoods
c. A statistic because the sample was drawn from an easily available group
d. A population parameter because it was based on a sample of residents from the building
ANSWER: a
10. You’re concerned about the concentration of nitrates in the drinking water wells in your city. There
are 200 wells in your city. You take water from 58 of these wells and analyze the water to determine
nitrate concentration. The average nitrate concentration from the 58 wells is 5 milligrams per
liter. Which of the following accurately describes your 5 milligrams per liter average concentration?
a. A statistic because it is based on a sample of the city’s wells.
b. A population characteristic because it is based on a sample from the city’s wells.
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of the city’s wells.
d. A population characteristic because it is based on a census of the city’s wells.
ANSWER: a
11. Suppose you’re the owner of a sewing supplies shop. You have an inventory of 50 thread packages in
your store, some of which contain nylon fiber. You’re interested in learning how many of the thread
packages in your inventory contain nylon fiber. You perform a simple test for nylon fiber on all 50
packages of thread in your store and find that 10 of the 50 contain nylon fiber. Which of the following
accurately describes the results of your survey?
a. A statistic because it is based on a sample of the shop’s thread packages
b. A population parameter because it is based on a census of the shop’s thread packages
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of the shop’s thread packages
d. A population parameter because it is based on a sample of the shop’s thread packages.
ANSWER: b
12. You’re interested in learning about the typical body weight of residents in the small town where you
live. The town has only 200 residents. You send out a questionnaire to all 200 residents asking them for
their body weight in kilograms. All 200 residents reply with the requested data. You use the data
supplied by all 200 residents to determine the typical body weight of your town’s residents. Which of the
following accurately describes the typical body weight you just determined?
a. A statistic because it was based on a sample of your town’s residents
b. A population characteristic because it was based on a sample of your town’s residents
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of your town’s residents
d. A population parameter because it was based on a census of your town’s residents
ANSWER: d
13. Which of the following are the advantages of a simple random sample in an observational study?
a. The sample can be drawn from an easily available group.
b. The sample statistics will be distinctly different from the population parameters.
c. All individuals in the population need not have the same chance of being included in the
sample.
d. Your sample statistics will reflect the population characteristics.
ANSWER: d
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
14. A simple random sample of size n is a sample selected from a population in such a way that every
different possible sample of this same size n has an equal chance of being selected.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
15. As long as the sample size is small relative to the population, there is little practical difference
between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
16. Many people have speculated that high school students who eat a meal before attending classes earn
better grades than those who fast before class. You decide to evaluate this claim by surveying 20 high-
school senior-year history students from each school in your city. Will the results of your survey predict
the effect of pre-class meals on student grades?
a. Yes, because the survey data was based on a census
b. Yes, because the samples were drawn from easily available groups
c. No, because every student did not have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the
survey
d. No, because the sample size was too small
ANSWER: c
17. Suppose you’re an arborist responsible for the health of pine trees in the 20 public parks located
throughout your city. Pine trees are present in all of the city’s parks, and each neighborhood of your city
contains a park. A colleague tells you that he suspects the pine trees for which you are responsible may
have a disease. The disease can be accurately diagnosed by examining the color of the pine tree’s needle
leaves. You sample leaves from the 3 city parks nearest the waterfront. Will the results of your survey
predict the health of the city parks’ pine trees?
a. Yes, because the survey data was based on a census.
b. Yes, because the samples were drawn from easily available groups
c. No, because each of the city’s parks did not have an equal chance of having its pine tree
needles examined.
d. No, because the sample size was too small.
ANSWER: c
18. Suppose you’re sampling with replacement from a population size of 100. How small must your
sample size be for sampling without replacement to be viewed as equivalent?
a. 20
b. 1
c. 10
d. 2
ANSWER: c
19. Stratified sampling is a sampling method that involved no random sampling.
a. True
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b. False
ANSWER: False
20. Clusters are non-overlapping sub-groups of a population consisting of diverse individuals.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
21. In stratified random sampling, a population is first divided into non-overlapping, non-random sub-
groups. Random samples are then selected from each subgroup.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
22. Which of the following sampling methods best describes the one used in the following study?
To analyze the level of employee satisfaction at stores in a certain large city, a grocery store chain selects
eight store locations at random and surveys all employees at these locations.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling
ANSWER: c
23. Which of the following sampling methods best describes the one used in the following study?
To analyze the hair length of fashion models at a large modeling agency, models’ names were selected
from the employee directory for a hair-length measurement. One model was selected randomly from the
first 15 models listed in the directory, then every 15th model after that in the employee directory was also
selected.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling
ANSWER: d
24. Nonresponse bias can occur when responses are not obtained from all individuals selected for
inclusion in the sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
25. Increasing sample size will generally eliminate bias in a sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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26. Selection bias can occur if a study consists exclusively of volunteers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
27. Measurement (response) bias could result from which of the following?
I) An improperly calibrated assessment tool used to weigh survey responses
II) A survey that includes leading questions
III) Appearance or behavior of the person asking the survey questions
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
28. Which of the following best summarizes “nonresponse bias”?
a. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population as a result of systematic
exclusion of some part of the population
b. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population because data are not
obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in the samples
c. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population because the method of
observation tends to produce values that differ from true values
d. A bias on the part of the researcher towards those who chose not to participate in the survey
ANSWER: b
29. A question in a survey on consumer food preferences asks respondents to select their favorite flavor
of ice cream from a list that only includes “chocolate” and “vanilla”. Which of the following types of
bias does this question include?
a. Selection bias
b. Measurement bias
c. Nonresponse bias
d. Response bias
ANSWER: c
30. To estimate the proportions of students who plan to purchase tickets to an upcoming school
fundraiser, a high school decides to sample 100 students as they register for the spring semester. There
are 2000 students at the school. Which of the following sampling plans would result in a simple random
sample?
a. Number the students from 1 to 2000 and then use random numbers to select 100 students.
b. Survey the first 100 students to register
c. Randomly select 100 students from a list of 950 female students at the school
d. Select one of the first 20 students to register using a random number table and then select
every 20th student thereafter
ANSWER: a
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31. Which of the following actions should be used to create a simple, random sample?
I) Create a sampling frame which is essentially a list of objects or individuals in the population
II) Identify each object or individual in the sample frame with a unique number
III) Use a random number generator to select the sample
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
32. The owner of a dress shop wants to learn which customers would be interested in an upcoming sale
event. The dress shop has 622 customers, but it is only practical to contact 20 regarding their interest in
the sale event. The customer names and contact information are stored in a database that permits the
assignment of unique numbers for each customer. Which of the following methods could be used to select
a simple random sample for the survey?
a. Select the first 20 customers in the database
b. Sort the customers by age and select the first 20
c. Use a random number generator to request 20 integers between 1 and 622 and use the
customers corresponding to those numbers in the survey
d. Sort the customers by the date of their first purchase and select the first 20.
ANSWER: c
33. You have a population of 5000 objects which require quality testing. . Which of the following sample
sizes is the largest sample size for which there would be little practical difference between sampling with
replacement and sampling without replacement?
a. n = 2500
b. n = 1000
c. n = 500
d. n = 5
e. n – 10
ANSWER: c
34. Suppose you’re responsible for measuring the length of juvenile fish in a fish hatchery. Your standard
procedure requires that you base your measurement on the average of five fish selected from each
tank. In order to avoid traumatizing the fish, your procedure further dictates that you select fish one at a
time from each tank, measure the fish, and then immediately return it to the tank from which it was
drawn. Your supervisor directs you to use a new procedure in which each sampled fish is returned to a
different tank so that it cannot be re-sampled. You are concerned that the change in sampling will cause a
difference in results. How many fish would need to be in each tank in order for the two sampling
methods to be equivalent?
a. At least 50 fish
b. At least 500 fish
c. No more than 1000 fish
d. No more than 100 fish
ANSWER: a
35. Suppose you want to learn how often chemistry students attending a local college visit the student
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
fitness center on campus. You interviewed students from the chemistry department who have an athletic
build. Is the sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
b. No, since only students with an athletic build visit the gym.
c. No, since you did not interview students outside of the chemistry department.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
ANSWER: d
36. Suppose you want to know how many times per month the people of Portland go shopping. You
interview 50 people. You restrict your sampling to residents of a neighborhood adjacent to the downtown
shopping district but select them randomly from residences within that district. Is your sample likely to be
representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. No, since you did not interview people from other cities.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
ANSWER: d
37. Suppose you want to know the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the frequency and severity of
seasonal colds for students living in dormitories on a particular large university campus. You use a
computerized survey which is presented randomly to 50 of the 1000 dormitory residents when they log
onto their computers each day. All dormitory residents have computers and all of them log onto their
computers daily. Is your sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. Yes, because the sample size is large.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample
ANSWER: b
38. Suppose you want to know how many of the students at your elementary school prefer dark chocolate
over milk chocolate. There are 88 total students at your elementary school including those in
kindergarten through fifth grade. In order to assess student chocolate-type preference, you conduct a
survey of twenty students randomly selected from the third, fourth, and fifth-grade classes. Is your
sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. Yes, because the sample size is large.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
ANSWER: d
39. Suppose you own a coffee shop and are considering whether to feature a peppermint or a spearmint
coffee drink for the winter holidays. You would like to survey your 150 regular customers to see what
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
Edition Roxy Peck
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
1. The entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired is called a sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
2. A study is observational if the investigator observes the behavior of a response variable when one or
more factors are manipulated.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
3. Suppose you are part of a gardening club with fifty members, all of whom are growing a particular
variety of tomatoes on a shared garden plot. Early in the growing season, you notice that tomatoes tended
by some members were noticeably redder than the tomatoes tended by other club members. You recall
that, at the start of the growing season, a new fertilizer became available and that some of the gardening
club members started to use it on their tomatoes. Which of the following studies could enable you to
determine whether the new fertilizer contributed to the redder tomatoes?
a. Survey six of the fifty club members asking them if they used the new fertilizer and rate their
tomato color.
b. Survey all fifty club members asking them if they used the new fertilizer and rate their tomato
color.
c. Ask a group of six club members to plant more tomatoes with three members using only the
new fertilizer and three members using only the old fertilizer.
d. Survey the ten club members with the reddest tomatoes and ask them which fertilizer they
used.
ANSWER: c
4. Which of the following statistical studies is observational?
a. A group of students is surveyed to determine the percentage who believe in reincarnation.
b. A random sample of students is shown a documentary on the evolution of reincarnation
beliefs throughout human history. A second random sample is not shown in the
documentary. The object of the study is to determine whether viewing the documentary
affects belief in reincarnation.
c. To determine whether vitamin C has any effectiveness at lessening the duration of the
common cold, one set of cold sufferers is given no vitamin C, a second set is given 2 grams
per day, and a third set is given 5 grams of vitamin C per day.
d. To determine if a new regenerative injection therapy is effective for reducing knee arthritis
pain, a randomly selected group of arthritis patients were randomly assigned to two
groups. In one group, the patients received physical therapy plus the new regenerative
injection therapy. In the other group, the patients received only physical therapy.
ANSWER: a
5. Which of the following statistical studies is an experimental study?
I) A researcher observes the effect of alcohol consumption on reaction time by administering
various quantities of alcohol to randomly selected subjects.
II) A study is conducted to see if exposure to increased carbon dioxide levels increases tomato
yield. Tomato plants are selected at random and then exposed to various doses of carbon dioxide.
III) Two random samples of senior adults are selected. The first group watches a 30-minute
presentation on Medicare fraud, while the other group does not watch the presentation. A survey is
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
then administered to measure the level of confidence that subjects have in their healthcare
providers.
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
6. Suppose you would like to know the flavor of ice cream preferred by the students at your
university. Which of the following studies would help you learn the preferred ice cream flavor of your
university student population?
a. Survey a random sample of fifty students asking them their favorite ice cream flavor.
b. Conduct an experiment on fifty student volunteers where the volunteers are randomly
assigned to different groups, each of which is asked to try a single flavor of ice cream and
report how well they like it.
c. Survey a sample of fifty students from the freshman class asking them their favorite ice cream
flavor.
d. Conduct an experiment on fifty students randomly selected students from the senior class. In
the experiment, the participants are randomly assigned to different groups, each of which is
asked to try a single flavor of ice cream and report how well they like it.
ANSWER: a
7. You’re the owner of a bakery that produces cakes for special events. You’re considering investing in
new equipment that would enable you to create larger cakes with more elaborate decorations. Before
investing in the new equipment, it is essential that you know whether or not your clients would pay more
money for the larger, more elaborate cakes. You have 100 clients, all of whom would respond to an
inquiry within the time frame in which you must decide whether or not to purchase the new equipment.
Which of the following studies would give you the best insight into whether or not your client population
would purchase the larger, more elaborately decorated cakes?
a. A survey of the next ten clients who contact you to order cakes
b. A survey of ten clients selected at random from a list of all your clients
c. A survey of the ten clients who placed the largest number of cake orders over the past year
d. A census of your clients
ANSWER: d
8. You’re a veterinarian interested in the effect of brisk, daily walks on the health of large dogs. You take
a survey of 100 dog owners and find that dogs taken for one or more brisk walks each day become ill less
frequently. Which of the following describes this finding?
a. A statistic because it reflects data taken from the entire population of large dogs
b. A population parameter because it reflects data taken from a sample
c. A statistic because it reflects data taken from a sample
d. A population characteristic because the study was based on a census.
ANSWER: c
9. You live in an apartment building with 50 residents. You’re investigating the effect of a new bus stop
on the ability of your building’s residents to arrive at work on time. You survey all 50 of the building’s
residents and ask them questions about their work arrival time since the new bus stop became available.
Which of the following accurately describes the results of your survey?
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
a. A population characteristic because it was based on a census
b. A statistic because the sample did not include residents from buildings in other neighborhoods
c. A statistic because the sample was drawn from an easily available group
d. A population parameter because it was based on a sample of residents from the building
ANSWER: a
10. You’re concerned about the concentration of nitrates in the drinking water wells in your city. There
are 200 wells in your city. You take water from 58 of these wells and analyze the water to determine
nitrate concentration. The average nitrate concentration from the 58 wells is 5 milligrams per
liter. Which of the following accurately describes your 5 milligrams per liter average concentration?
a. A statistic because it is based on a sample of the city’s wells.
b. A population characteristic because it is based on a sample from the city’s wells.
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of the city’s wells.
d. A population characteristic because it is based on a census of the city’s wells.
ANSWER: a
11. Suppose you’re the owner of a sewing supplies shop. You have an inventory of 50 thread packages in
your store, some of which contain nylon fiber. You’re interested in learning how many of the thread
packages in your inventory contain nylon fiber. You perform a simple test for nylon fiber on all 50
packages of thread in your store and find that 10 of the 50 contain nylon fiber. Which of the following
accurately describes the results of your survey?
a. A statistic because it is based on a sample of the shop’s thread packages
b. A population parameter because it is based on a census of the shop’s thread packages
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of the shop’s thread packages
d. A population parameter because it is based on a sample of the shop’s thread packages.
ANSWER: b
12. You’re interested in learning about the typical body weight of residents in the small town where you
live. The town has only 200 residents. You send out a questionnaire to all 200 residents asking them for
their body weight in kilograms. All 200 residents reply with the requested data. You use the data
supplied by all 200 residents to determine the typical body weight of your town’s residents. Which of the
following accurately describes the typical body weight you just determined?
a. A statistic because it was based on a sample of your town’s residents
b. A population characteristic because it was based on a sample of your town’s residents
c. A statistic because it was based on a census of your town’s residents
d. A population parameter because it was based on a census of your town’s residents
ANSWER: d
13. Which of the following are the advantages of a simple random sample in an observational study?
a. The sample can be drawn from an easily available group.
b. The sample statistics will be distinctly different from the population parameters.
c. All individuals in the population need not have the same chance of being included in the
sample.
d. Your sample statistics will reflect the population characteristics.
ANSWER: d
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Chapter 01 - Collecting Data
14. A simple random sample of size n is a sample selected from a population in such a way that every
different possible sample of this same size n has an equal chance of being selected.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
15. As long as the sample size is small relative to the population, there is little practical difference
between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
16. Many people have speculated that high school students who eat a meal before attending classes earn
better grades than those who fast before class. You decide to evaluate this claim by surveying 20 high-
school senior-year history students from each school in your city. Will the results of your survey predict
the effect of pre-class meals on student grades?
a. Yes, because the survey data was based on a census
b. Yes, because the samples were drawn from easily available groups
c. No, because every student did not have an equal chance of being selected to participate in the
survey
d. No, because the sample size was too small
ANSWER: c
17. Suppose you’re an arborist responsible for the health of pine trees in the 20 public parks located
throughout your city. Pine trees are present in all of the city’s parks, and each neighborhood of your city
contains a park. A colleague tells you that he suspects the pine trees for which you are responsible may
have a disease. The disease can be accurately diagnosed by examining the color of the pine tree’s needle
leaves. You sample leaves from the 3 city parks nearest the waterfront. Will the results of your survey
predict the health of the city parks’ pine trees?
a. Yes, because the survey data was based on a census.
b. Yes, because the samples were drawn from easily available groups
c. No, because each of the city’s parks did not have an equal chance of having its pine tree
needles examined.
d. No, because the sample size was too small.
ANSWER: c
18. Suppose you’re sampling with replacement from a population size of 100. How small must your
sample size be for sampling without replacement to be viewed as equivalent?
a. 20
b. 1
c. 10
d. 2
ANSWER: c
19. Stratified sampling is a sampling method that involved no random sampling.
a. True
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b. False
ANSWER: False
20. Clusters are non-overlapping sub-groups of a population consisting of diverse individuals.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
21. In stratified random sampling, a population is first divided into non-overlapping, non-random sub-
groups. Random samples are then selected from each subgroup.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
22. Which of the following sampling methods best describes the one used in the following study?
To analyze the level of employee satisfaction at stores in a certain large city, a grocery store chain selects
eight store locations at random and surveys all employees at these locations.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling
ANSWER: c
23. Which of the following sampling methods best describes the one used in the following study?
To analyze the hair length of fashion models at a large modeling agency, models’ names were selected
from the employee directory for a hair-length measurement. One model was selected randomly from the
first 15 models listed in the directory, then every 15th model after that in the employee directory was also
selected.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Systematic sampling
ANSWER: d
24. Nonresponse bias can occur when responses are not obtained from all individuals selected for
inclusion in the sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
25. Increasing sample size will generally eliminate bias in a sample.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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26. Selection bias can occur if a study consists exclusively of volunteers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
27. Measurement (response) bias could result from which of the following?
I) An improperly calibrated assessment tool used to weigh survey responses
II) A survey that includes leading questions
III) Appearance or behavior of the person asking the survey questions
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
28. Which of the following best summarizes “nonresponse bias”?
a. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population as a result of systematic
exclusion of some part of the population
b. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population because data are not
obtained from all individuals selected for inclusion in the samples
c. A tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population because the method of
observation tends to produce values that differ from true values
d. A bias on the part of the researcher towards those who chose not to participate in the survey
ANSWER: b
29. A question in a survey on consumer food preferences asks respondents to select their favorite flavor
of ice cream from a list that only includes “chocolate” and “vanilla”. Which of the following types of
bias does this question include?
a. Selection bias
b. Measurement bias
c. Nonresponse bias
d. Response bias
ANSWER: c
30. To estimate the proportions of students who plan to purchase tickets to an upcoming school
fundraiser, a high school decides to sample 100 students as they register for the spring semester. There
are 2000 students at the school. Which of the following sampling plans would result in a simple random
sample?
a. Number the students from 1 to 2000 and then use random numbers to select 100 students.
b. Survey the first 100 students to register
c. Randomly select 100 students from a list of 950 female students at the school
d. Select one of the first 20 students to register using a random number table and then select
every 20th student thereafter
ANSWER: a
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31. Which of the following actions should be used to create a simple, random sample?
I) Create a sampling frame which is essentially a list of objects or individuals in the population
II) Identify each object or individual in the sample frame with a unique number
III) Use a random number generator to select the sample
a. I and II only
b. II and III only
c. I and III only
d. I, II, and III
ANSWER: d
32. The owner of a dress shop wants to learn which customers would be interested in an upcoming sale
event. The dress shop has 622 customers, but it is only practical to contact 20 regarding their interest in
the sale event. The customer names and contact information are stored in a database that permits the
assignment of unique numbers for each customer. Which of the following methods could be used to select
a simple random sample for the survey?
a. Select the first 20 customers in the database
b. Sort the customers by age and select the first 20
c. Use a random number generator to request 20 integers between 1 and 622 and use the
customers corresponding to those numbers in the survey
d. Sort the customers by the date of their first purchase and select the first 20.
ANSWER: c
33. You have a population of 5000 objects which require quality testing. . Which of the following sample
sizes is the largest sample size for which there would be little practical difference between sampling with
replacement and sampling without replacement?
a. n = 2500
b. n = 1000
c. n = 500
d. n = 5
e. n – 10
ANSWER: c
34. Suppose you’re responsible for measuring the length of juvenile fish in a fish hatchery. Your standard
procedure requires that you base your measurement on the average of five fish selected from each
tank. In order to avoid traumatizing the fish, your procedure further dictates that you select fish one at a
time from each tank, measure the fish, and then immediately return it to the tank from which it was
drawn. Your supervisor directs you to use a new procedure in which each sampled fish is returned to a
different tank so that it cannot be re-sampled. You are concerned that the change in sampling will cause a
difference in results. How many fish would need to be in each tank in order for the two sampling
methods to be equivalent?
a. At least 50 fish
b. At least 500 fish
c. No more than 1000 fish
d. No more than 100 fish
ANSWER: a
35. Suppose you want to learn how often chemistry students attending a local college visit the student
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fitness center on campus. You interviewed students from the chemistry department who have an athletic
build. Is the sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
b. No, since only students with an athletic build visit the gym.
c. No, since you did not interview students outside of the chemistry department.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
ANSWER: d
36. Suppose you want to know how many times per month the people of Portland go shopping. You
interview 50 people. You restrict your sampling to residents of a neighborhood adjacent to the downtown
shopping district but select them randomly from residences within that district. Is your sample likely to be
representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. No, since you did not interview people from other cities.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
ANSWER: d
37. Suppose you want to know the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the frequency and severity of
seasonal colds for students living in dormitories on a particular large university campus. You use a
computerized survey which is presented randomly to 50 of the 1000 dormitory residents when they log
onto their computers each day. All dormitory residents have computers and all of them log onto their
computers daily. Is your sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. Yes, because the sample size is large.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample
ANSWER: b
38. Suppose you want to know how many of the students at your elementary school prefer dark chocolate
over milk chocolate. There are 88 total students at your elementary school including those in
kindergarten through fifth grade. In order to assess student chocolate-type preference, you conduct a
survey of twenty students randomly selected from the third, fourth, and fifth-grade classes. Is your
sample likely to be representative of the population of interest?
a. No, since the sample size is too small.
b. Yes, since every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected into the
sample.
c. Yes, because the sample size is large.
d. No, since not every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample.
ANSWER: d
39. Suppose you own a coffee shop and are considering whether to feature a peppermint or a spearmint
coffee drink for the winter holidays. You would like to survey your 150 regular customers to see what
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