NSG 120 Final Exam Questions and
Answers A+ Graded
Pathogenesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .development .of .the .disease .or .the
.sequence .of .events .involved .in .the .tissue .changes .related .to .the .specific
.disease .process.
Onset .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-sudden .OR .acute- .An .acute .disease .indicates .a
.short-term .illness .that .develops .quickly .with .marked .signs .such .as .high .fever
.or .severe .pain—for .example, .acute .appendicitis; .onset .may .be .insidious, .best
.described .as .a .gradual .progression .with .only .vague .or .very .mild .signs.
Chronic .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-often .a .milder .condition .developing .gradually,
.such .as .rheumatoid .arthritis, .but .it .persists .for .a .long .time .and .usually .causes
.more .permanent .tissue .damage. .Often .a .chronic .disease .is .marked .by
.intermittent .acute .episodes.
Subclinical .(stage/phase) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-in .which .pathologic .changes
.occur .but .the .patient .exhibits .no .obvious .manifestations, .perhaps .because .of
.the .great .reserve .capacity .of .some .organs.
Latent .stage .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-"silent" .stage, .in .which .no .clinical .signs .are
.evident, .characterizes .some .diseases. .In .infectious .diseases .this .stage .may .be
.referred .to .as .the .incubation .period, .which .is .the .time .between .exposure .to .the
.microorganism .and .the .onset .of .signs .or .symptoms; .it .may .last .for .a .day .or .so
.or .may .be .prolonged, .perhaps .for .days .or .weeks.
Disease .transmission .of .an .insect .bite .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .injury .occurs
.when .the .insect .either .bites .or .stings .the .patient. .Venom .is .injected .into .the
.tissue, .resulting .in .the .body's .response .to .a .foreign .protein.
Rocky .Mountain .Spotted .Fever/Tick .Bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .causative .agent, .Rickettsia .rickettsii, .is .transmitted .by .the .wood
.tick .and .is .carried .in .the .feces .of .infected .ticks. .It .is .introduced .into .the
.bloodstream .of .a .person .during .a .prolonged .tick .bite.
Symptoms .of .Rocky .Mountain .Spotted .Fever .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Class .triad:
.headache, .fever, .maculopapular .rash .(bumps .and .petechial .rash)
high .fever
,Malaria/Mosquito .bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Malaria .is
.caused .by .four .species .of .the .protozoan .genus .Plasmodium, .which .is
.transmitted .from .infected .human .to .human .by .the .bite .of .mosquito .vectors .or,
.less .commonly, .by .blood .transfusion .or .IV .drug .use.
Disease .transmission .of .animal/human .bites .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .bite
.occurs .when .the .offending .animal .is .agitated, .frightened, .threatened, .or .angry.
.Bites .can .be .from .domestic .animals, .such .as .cats .and .dogs; .farm .animals; .or
.wild .animals, .such .as .skunks, .bats, .raccoons, .and .foxes. .Human .bites .have
.been .recorded.
The .pattern .of .the .teeth .marks .is .helpful .in .determining .the .type .of .bite, .human
.or .animal, .and .the .type .of .animal .that .did .the .biting .if .not .immediately .known.
Snake .bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Four .kinds .of .poisonous
.snakes .are .known .to .inhabit .the .United .States: .rattlesnakes, .copperheads,
.water .moccasins, .and .coral .snakes.
Some .bites .are .the .work .of .nonpoisonous .snakes, .but .all .snakebites .should .be
.treated .as .poisonous .by .the .first .aid .provider.
Cardinal .Signs .of .Inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .cardinal .signs .of
.inflammation .are .redness .(rubor .or .erythema), .heat, .swelling, .and .pain;
.sometimes .loss .of .function
Diangostic .blood .changes .that .may .indicate .inflammation? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-*Leukocytosis .(increased .WBC)
*Differential .count .of .WBC
*plasma .protein .(increased .prothrombin .and .fibrinogen)
*CRP .(appears .with .acute .inflammation .and .necrosis)
*increased .ESR
*cell .enzymes .present .(may .indicate .necrosis)
Treatment .of .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-*Drugs .- .Aspirin, .NSAIDS, .etc.
*RICE .(rest, .ice, .compression, .elevation)
*Compression .stockings
*Moderate .exercise
Opportunistic .infection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Microbes .that .are .not .usually
.pathogenic .but .can .become .pathogenic .when .transferred .into .another .location
.of .the .body, .if .the .balance .of .the .species .is .not .maintained, .or .if .the .body's
.defense .is .impaired.
Stages .of .Pressure .Ulcers .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Stage .I: .Intact .skin .with .non-
blanchable .redness .of .a .localized .area .usually .over .a .bony .prominence. .Darkly
.pigmented .skin .may .not .have .visible .blanching; .its .color .may .differ .from .the
.surrounding .area.
, Stage .II: .Partial .thickness .loss .of .dermis .presenting .as .a .shallow .open .ulcer
.with .a .red .pink .wound .bed, .without .slough. .May .also .present .as .an .intact .or
.open/ .ruptured .serum-filled .blister.
Stage .III: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss. .Subcutaneous .fat .may .be .visible .but .bone,
.tendon .or .muscle .are .not .exposed. .Slough .may .be .present .but .does .not
.obscure .the .depth .of .tissue .loss. .May .include .undermining .and .tunneling.
Stage .IV: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss .with .exposed .bone, .tendon .or .muscle.
.Slough .or .eschar .may .be .present .on .some .parts .of .the .wound .bed. .Often
.include .undermining .and .tunneling. .Deep .Tissue .Injury .Purple .or .maroon
.localized .area .of .discolored .intact .skin .or .blood-filled .blister .due .to .damage .of
.underlying .soft .tissue .from .pressure .and/or .shear. .The .area .may .be .preceded
.by .tissue .that .is .painful, .firm, .mushy, .boggy, .warmer .or .cooler .as .compared .to
.adjacent .tissue.
Unstageable: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss .in .which .the .base .of .the .ulcer .is
.covered .by .slough .(yellow, .tan, .gray, .green .or .brown) .and/or .eschar .(tan,
.brown .or .black) .in .wound .bed
Glaucoma .signs .& .symptoms .(narrow .and .open .angle) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
One .of .the .major .causes .of .blindness.
Can .occur .at .any .age .but .most .common .in .those .over .60.
Narrow .angle .Glaucoma: .occurs .when .the .angle .between .the .cornea .and .the
.iris .in .the .anterior .chamber .is .decreased .by .factors .such .as .an .abnormal
.anterior .insertion .of .the .iris. .With .aging, .the .lens .enlarges, .pushing .the .iris
.more .forward .and .to .the .side. .Increase .in .intraocular .pressureBlocks .aqueous
.fluid.
Chronic .Glaucoma .(wide .angle): .Most .common .form .of .glaucoma .in .1-2% .of
.population. .Trabecular .network .becomes .obstructed. .Damage .is .irreversible
.and .causes .blindness
Retinopathy .signs .& .symptoms .(diabetic) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pathologic
.alteration .of .the .retinal .blood .vessels .affecting .clarity .and .sharpness .of .vision.
.Characterized .by .microaneurysm, .hemorrhages, .dilation .of .retinal .veins,
.macular .edema, .and .the .formation .of .abnormal .new .vessels
.(neovascularization). .Occurs .after .DM .onset.
Macular .degeneration .signs .& .symptoms .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Progressive
.deterioration .of .the .macula .of .the .retina. .Early .onset .may .include .distortion .of
.central .vision. .Usually .painless .and .does .not .affect .peripheral .vision. .May
.eventually .lose .all .central .vision.
Otitis .Media .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation .or .infection .of .the .middle .ear
.cavity.
Answers A+ Graded
Pathogenesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .development .of .the .disease .or .the
.sequence .of .events .involved .in .the .tissue .changes .related .to .the .specific
.disease .process.
Onset .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-sudden .OR .acute- .An .acute .disease .indicates .a
.short-term .illness .that .develops .quickly .with .marked .signs .such .as .high .fever
.or .severe .pain—for .example, .acute .appendicitis; .onset .may .be .insidious, .best
.described .as .a .gradual .progression .with .only .vague .or .very .mild .signs.
Chronic .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-often .a .milder .condition .developing .gradually,
.such .as .rheumatoid .arthritis, .but .it .persists .for .a .long .time .and .usually .causes
.more .permanent .tissue .damage. .Often .a .chronic .disease .is .marked .by
.intermittent .acute .episodes.
Subclinical .(stage/phase) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-in .which .pathologic .changes
.occur .but .the .patient .exhibits .no .obvious .manifestations, .perhaps .because .of
.the .great .reserve .capacity .of .some .organs.
Latent .stage .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-"silent" .stage, .in .which .no .clinical .signs .are
.evident, .characterizes .some .diseases. .In .infectious .diseases .this .stage .may .be
.referred .to .as .the .incubation .period, .which .is .the .time .between .exposure .to .the
.microorganism .and .the .onset .of .signs .or .symptoms; .it .may .last .for .a .day .or .so
.or .may .be .prolonged, .perhaps .for .days .or .weeks.
Disease .transmission .of .an .insect .bite .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .injury .occurs
.when .the .insect .either .bites .or .stings .the .patient. .Venom .is .injected .into .the
.tissue, .resulting .in .the .body's .response .to .a .foreign .protein.
Rocky .Mountain .Spotted .Fever/Tick .Bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-The .causative .agent, .Rickettsia .rickettsii, .is .transmitted .by .the .wood
.tick .and .is .carried .in .the .feces .of .infected .ticks. .It .is .introduced .into .the
.bloodstream .of .a .person .during .a .prolonged .tick .bite.
Symptoms .of .Rocky .Mountain .Spotted .Fever .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Class .triad:
.headache, .fever, .maculopapular .rash .(bumps .and .petechial .rash)
high .fever
,Malaria/Mosquito .bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Malaria .is
.caused .by .four .species .of .the .protozoan .genus .Plasmodium, .which .is
.transmitted .from .infected .human .to .human .by .the .bite .of .mosquito .vectors .or,
.less .commonly, .by .blood .transfusion .or .IV .drug .use.
Disease .transmission .of .animal/human .bites .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .bite
.occurs .when .the .offending .animal .is .agitated, .frightened, .threatened, .or .angry.
.Bites .can .be .from .domestic .animals, .such .as .cats .and .dogs; .farm .animals; .or
.wild .animals, .such .as .skunks, .bats, .raccoons, .and .foxes. .Human .bites .have
.been .recorded.
The .pattern .of .the .teeth .marks .is .helpful .in .determining .the .type .of .bite, .human
.or .animal, .and .the .type .of .animal .that .did .the .biting .if .not .immediately .known.
Snake .bite .disease .transmission .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Four .kinds .of .poisonous
.snakes .are .known .to .inhabit .the .United .States: .rattlesnakes, .copperheads,
.water .moccasins, .and .coral .snakes.
Some .bites .are .the .work .of .nonpoisonous .snakes, .but .all .snakebites .should .be
.treated .as .poisonous .by .the .first .aid .provider.
Cardinal .Signs .of .Inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-The .cardinal .signs .of
.inflammation .are .redness .(rubor .or .erythema), .heat, .swelling, .and .pain;
.sometimes .loss .of .function
Diangostic .blood .changes .that .may .indicate .inflammation? .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-*Leukocytosis .(increased .WBC)
*Differential .count .of .WBC
*plasma .protein .(increased .prothrombin .and .fibrinogen)
*CRP .(appears .with .acute .inflammation .and .necrosis)
*increased .ESR
*cell .enzymes .present .(may .indicate .necrosis)
Treatment .of .inflammation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-*Drugs .- .Aspirin, .NSAIDS, .etc.
*RICE .(rest, .ice, .compression, .elevation)
*Compression .stockings
*Moderate .exercise
Opportunistic .infection .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Microbes .that .are .not .usually
.pathogenic .but .can .become .pathogenic .when .transferred .into .another .location
.of .the .body, .if .the .balance .of .the .species .is .not .maintained, .or .if .the .body's
.defense .is .impaired.
Stages .of .Pressure .Ulcers .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Stage .I: .Intact .skin .with .non-
blanchable .redness .of .a .localized .area .usually .over .a .bony .prominence. .Darkly
.pigmented .skin .may .not .have .visible .blanching; .its .color .may .differ .from .the
.surrounding .area.
, Stage .II: .Partial .thickness .loss .of .dermis .presenting .as .a .shallow .open .ulcer
.with .a .red .pink .wound .bed, .without .slough. .May .also .present .as .an .intact .or
.open/ .ruptured .serum-filled .blister.
Stage .III: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss. .Subcutaneous .fat .may .be .visible .but .bone,
.tendon .or .muscle .are .not .exposed. .Slough .may .be .present .but .does .not
.obscure .the .depth .of .tissue .loss. .May .include .undermining .and .tunneling.
Stage .IV: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss .with .exposed .bone, .tendon .or .muscle.
.Slough .or .eschar .may .be .present .on .some .parts .of .the .wound .bed. .Often
.include .undermining .and .tunneling. .Deep .Tissue .Injury .Purple .or .maroon
.localized .area .of .discolored .intact .skin .or .blood-filled .blister .due .to .damage .of
.underlying .soft .tissue .from .pressure .and/or .shear. .The .area .may .be .preceded
.by .tissue .that .is .painful, .firm, .mushy, .boggy, .warmer .or .cooler .as .compared .to
.adjacent .tissue.
Unstageable: .Full .thickness .tissue .loss .in .which .the .base .of .the .ulcer .is
.covered .by .slough .(yellow, .tan, .gray, .green .or .brown) .and/or .eschar .(tan,
.brown .or .black) .in .wound .bed
Glaucoma .signs .& .symptoms .(narrow .and .open .angle) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
One .of .the .major .causes .of .blindness.
Can .occur .at .any .age .but .most .common .in .those .over .60.
Narrow .angle .Glaucoma: .occurs .when .the .angle .between .the .cornea .and .the
.iris .in .the .anterior .chamber .is .decreased .by .factors .such .as .an .abnormal
.anterior .insertion .of .the .iris. .With .aging, .the .lens .enlarges, .pushing .the .iris
.more .forward .and .to .the .side. .Increase .in .intraocular .pressureBlocks .aqueous
.fluid.
Chronic .Glaucoma .(wide .angle): .Most .common .form .of .glaucoma .in .1-2% .of
.population. .Trabecular .network .becomes .obstructed. .Damage .is .irreversible
.and .causes .blindness
Retinopathy .signs .& .symptoms .(diabetic) .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Pathologic
.alteration .of .the .retinal .blood .vessels .affecting .clarity .and .sharpness .of .vision.
.Characterized .by .microaneurysm, .hemorrhages, .dilation .of .retinal .veins,
.macular .edema, .and .the .formation .of .abnormal .new .vessels
.(neovascularization). .Occurs .after .DM .onset.
Macular .degeneration .signs .& .symptoms .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Progressive
.deterioration .of .the .macula .of .the .retina. .Early .onset .may .include .distortion .of
.central .vision. .Usually .painless .and .does .not .affect .peripheral .vision. .May
.eventually .lose .all .central .vision.
Otitis .Media .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation .or .infection .of .the .middle .ear
.cavity.
