NURBN2023 Questions and Answers
A+ Graded (2025)
define .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chronic .inflammatory .disorder .of .the
.airways
4 .risk .factors .for .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-family .history
allergen .exposure
living .in .urban .areas
exposure .to .air .pollution
two .triggers .for .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Respiratory .infection
Pollution
discuss .how .spirometry .testing .is .used .in .the .diagnosis .of .asthma .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-It .measures .the .amount .of .air . you're .able .to .breathe .in .and .out .and .its
.rate .of .flow
describe .the .three .major .features .of .asthmatic .airways .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Obstruction. .Inflammation. .
Hyper-responsiveness.
describe .early .and .late .stage .asthma .response .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-early
.phase .reaction .is .when .the .individual .is .expose .to .allergens .and .produces .IgE
.antibodies .and .over-expression .of .Th2 .T-cells .response. .Then .the .antiobodies
.bind .to .mast .cells .and .the .exposure .to .the .same .allergens .and .leading .to
.smooth .muscle .contraction. .
Therefore .in .late .phase, .the .mediators .released .during .the .early .phase .reaction
.lead .to .recruitment .of .innate .and .adaptive .inflammatory .cells .and .then . more
.lead .to .smooth .muscle .contraction
three .clinical .manifestations .of .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-recurrent .episodes
.of .wheezing, .chest .tightness, .& .shortness .of .breath
relate .clinical .manifestations .of .asthma .to .pathological .changes .in .the .airway .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-airway . muscle: .the .thin .layer .of .muscle .within .the .wall .of
.an .airway .can .contract .and .narrow
,inflammation: .the .inside .walls .of .the .airways .are .often .swollen .and .inflamed
.leaving .less .space
mucus: .mucus .production .is .normally .a .protective .response .by .in .severe
.asthma .it .is .excessive .and .block .the .inside .of .the .airway .
fibrosis: .on .going .inflammation .in .the .airway .can .lead .to .tissue .remodelling .and
.results .in .thickened .airway .walls .& .increased .smooth .musclev
short .and .long .acting .β2-receptor .receptor .agonists .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
name .a .long .acting .beta .2 .agonist .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--relaxes .the .smooth
.muscle .of .bronchioles
-can .relieve .bronchospams
Formoterol .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--long .acting .B2 .receptor .agonist
-used .for .asthma .and .COPD
interactions
-drugs .that .weaken .immune .system .
-seizure .medication
-other .steroid .meds
adverse .effects:
-muscle .pains .
-blurred .vison .
pt .ed
-use .at .the .same .time .everyday
-use .ad
salbutamol .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .medication .that .opens .up .the .medium .and
.large .airways .in .the .lungs
drug .interactions
- .beta .blockers
- .salbutamol .can .cause .heart .complications .
adverse .effects:
- .fast, .slow .or .uneven .heartbeat
-headache .
pt .ed:
-only .use .your .salbutamol .inhaler .when .you .need .it
-how .to .use .it
tiotropium .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Short-acting .muscarinic .antagonist
-inhaled .once .a .day .
, -is .used .to .treat .lung .diseases .such .as .asthma .and .COPD
adverse .effect
-muscle .pain .
-constipation
define .copd .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-COPD .(Chronic .obstructive .pulmonary
.disease) .umbrella .term .for .a .collection .of .diseases .including .chronic .bronchitis,
.emphysema, .and .asthma.
four .risk .factors .for .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .exposure .to .smoking
-people .with .asthma
-genetics .
-occupational .risks
Emphysema .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .abnormal .permanent .enlargement .of .gas-
exchange .airways .accompanied .by .destruction .of .alveolar .walls
symptoms .of .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--shortness .of .breath
-wheezing
-chest .tighness
-fatigue
COPD .pathophysiology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .abnormal .permanent
.enlargement .of .gas-exchange .airways .accompanied .by .destruction .of .alveolar
.walls
chronic .bronchitis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation .of .the .bronchi .persisting
.over .a .long .time
(COPD) .- .Oxygen .Toxicity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .clinical .features .of .oxygen
.toxicity .are .due .to .high .carbon .dioxide .content .in .the .blood .(hypercapnia). .This
.leads .to .drowsiness .(narcosis), .deranged .acid-base .balance .due .to .respiratory
.acidosis, .and .death.
Discuss .the .management .of .stable .COPD .Including .pharmacological .and .non-
pharmacological .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--bronchodilators
-selective .b2 .adrenergic .agonists
non .pharmacological
- .smoking .cessation .
-flu .vax
-long .term .oxygen .therapy
Define .an .exacerbation .of .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .worsening .or ."flare .up"
.of .your .COPD .symptoms
A+ Graded (2025)
define .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chronic .inflammatory .disorder .of .the
.airways
4 .risk .factors .for .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-family .history
allergen .exposure
living .in .urban .areas
exposure .to .air .pollution
two .triggers .for .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Respiratory .infection
Pollution
discuss .how .spirometry .testing .is .used .in .the .diagnosis .of .asthma .- .CORRECT
.ANSWER-It .measures .the .amount .of .air . you're .able .to .breathe .in .and .out .and .its
.rate .of .flow
describe .the .three .major .features .of .asthmatic .airways .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Obstruction. .Inflammation. .
Hyper-responsiveness.
describe .early .and .late .stage .asthma .response .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-early
.phase .reaction .is .when .the .individual .is .expose .to .allergens .and .produces .IgE
.antibodies .and .over-expression .of .Th2 .T-cells .response. .Then .the .antiobodies
.bind .to .mast .cells .and .the .exposure .to .the .same .allergens .and .leading .to
.smooth .muscle .contraction. .
Therefore .in .late .phase, .the .mediators .released .during .the .early .phase .reaction
.lead .to .recruitment .of .innate .and .adaptive .inflammatory .cells .and .then . more
.lead .to .smooth .muscle .contraction
three .clinical .manifestations .of .asthma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-recurrent .episodes
.of .wheezing, .chest .tightness, .& .shortness .of .breath
relate .clinical .manifestations .of .asthma .to .pathological .changes .in .the .airway .-
.CORRECT .ANSWER-airway . muscle: .the .thin .layer .of .muscle .within .the .wall .of
.an .airway .can .contract .and .narrow
,inflammation: .the .inside .walls .of .the .airways .are .often .swollen .and .inflamed
.leaving .less .space
mucus: .mucus .production .is .normally .a .protective .response .by .in .severe
.asthma .it .is .excessive .and .block .the .inside .of .the .airway .
fibrosis: .on .going .inflammation .in .the .airway .can .lead .to .tissue .remodelling .and
.results .in .thickened .airway .walls .& .increased .smooth .musclev
short .and .long .acting .β2-receptor .receptor .agonists .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
name .a .long .acting .beta .2 .agonist .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--relaxes .the .smooth
.muscle .of .bronchioles
-can .relieve .bronchospams
Formoterol .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--long .acting .B2 .receptor .agonist
-used .for .asthma .and .COPD
interactions
-drugs .that .weaken .immune .system .
-seizure .medication
-other .steroid .meds
adverse .effects:
-muscle .pains .
-blurred .vison .
pt .ed
-use .at .the .same .time .everyday
-use .ad
salbutamol .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .medication .that .opens .up .the .medium .and
.large .airways .in .the .lungs
drug .interactions
- .beta .blockers
- .salbutamol .can .cause .heart .complications .
adverse .effects:
- .fast, .slow .or .uneven .heartbeat
-headache .
pt .ed:
-only .use .your .salbutamol .inhaler .when .you .need .it
-how .to .use .it
tiotropium .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Short-acting .muscarinic .antagonist
-inhaled .once .a .day .
, -is .used .to .treat .lung .diseases .such .as .asthma .and .COPD
adverse .effect
-muscle .pain .
-constipation
define .copd .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-COPD .(Chronic .obstructive .pulmonary
.disease) .umbrella .term .for .a .collection .of .diseases .including .chronic .bronchitis,
.emphysema, .and .asthma.
four .risk .factors .for .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .exposure .to .smoking
-people .with .asthma
-genetics .
-occupational .risks
Emphysema .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .abnormal .permanent .enlargement .of .gas-
exchange .airways .accompanied .by .destruction .of .alveolar .walls
symptoms .of .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--shortness .of .breath
-wheezing
-chest .tighness
-fatigue
COPD .pathophysiology .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-is .abnormal .permanent
.enlargement .of .gas-exchange .airways .accompanied .by .destruction .of .alveolar
.walls
chronic .bronchitis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-inflammation .of .the .bronchi .persisting
.over .a .long .time
(COPD) .- .Oxygen .Toxicity .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-the .clinical .features .of .oxygen
.toxicity .are .due .to .high .carbon .dioxide .content .in .the .blood .(hypercapnia). .This
.leads .to .drowsiness .(narcosis), .deranged .acid-base .balance .due .to .respiratory
.acidosis, .and .death.
Discuss .the .management .of .stable .COPD .Including .pharmacological .and .non-
pharmacological .treatment .- .CORRECT .ANSWER--bronchodilators
-selective .b2 .adrenergic .agonists
non .pharmacological
- .smoking .cessation .
-flu .vax
-long .term .oxygen .therapy
Define .an .exacerbation .of .COPD .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-a .worsening .or ."flare .up"
.of .your .COPD .symptoms
