Principles of Nutrition-Exam 1 – Questions with Answers
What is nutrition? - -The science of food; the nutrients and the substances therein; their
action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease; and the processes by
which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food
-What are the six essential nutrients? - -carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals,
water
-What are the macronutrients? - -Need in large quantities: Carbs, proteins, lipids, water
-What are the micronutrients? - -Important, but less frequent: Vitamins, minerals
-Which nutrients provide energy? - -Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
-Which nutrients promote growth and development? - -Proteins, lipids, some vitamins,
some minerals, water
-What elements are carbohydrates composed of? - -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-What are the main foods we get carbs from? - -fruits, vegetables, grains
-What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates? - -simple and complex
-Simple carbs: - -sugars
Example: glucose
-Complex carbs: - -polysaccharides in food, glycogen in our bodies
Examples of complex carbs: fiber, starch, glycogen
-Are lipids soluble in water? - -NO!--but soluble in organic solvents (like ethanol)
-What elemts are lipids made up of? - -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
-What are triglycerides? - -major form of fat in food and major form of energy storage in
our bodies
-What are the 2 types of lipids? - -saturated, unsaturated fatty acids
-Which is healthier: saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? - -unsaturated--saturated fatty
acids raise blood pressure
, -What are 2 important types of unsaturated fatty acids? - -linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic
acid (ESSENTIAL! roles are to be structural units of cell walls and help regulate blood
pressure and nerve transmissions. can get supply from vegetable oil or fish oil)
-What are trans fatty acids? - -bad for health--have been processed to change their
structure from -cis end to -trans end
-What are the functions of lipids? - -provide 9 kcal of energy, energy storage, hormone
synthesis, membrane
-What elements are proteins composed of? - -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
-What are the functions of proteins? - -provide 4 kcal of energy, blood transport, enzymes,
muscle, cell signaling
-There are 20 amino acids--how many of them are essential? - -9
-What are the two types of vitamins? - -water-soluble, fat soluble
-Which vitamins are water soluble? - -C & B
-Characteristics of water soluble vitamins? - -more easily excreted from the body (thru
urine), easily destroyed by cooking
-Which vitamins are fat soluble? - -A, D, E, K
-Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins? - -more easily stored in the body, greater risk for
toxicity
-What is the function of vitamins? - -to enable chemical reactions
-What is the function of minerals? - -water balance, nervous system, muscle contraction,
enable chemical reactions, etc
-What are the two subcategories of minerals? - -major minerals, trace minerals
-What are major minerals? - -required in gram amounts: sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium, and phosphorous
-What are trace minerals? - -required less than 100 mg daily: iron, zinc, copper, selenium
-What are the functions of water in the body? - -lubricant, solvent and transportation,
body temp. regulation
-Do men or women have more water in their bodies? - -usually men because of higher
muscle mass
What is nutrition? - -The science of food; the nutrients and the substances therein; their
action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease; and the processes by
which the organism ingests, digests, absorbs, transports, utilizes, and excretes food
-What are the six essential nutrients? - -carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals,
water
-What are the macronutrients? - -Need in large quantities: Carbs, proteins, lipids, water
-What are the micronutrients? - -Important, but less frequent: Vitamins, minerals
-Which nutrients provide energy? - -Carbs, Lipids, Proteins
-Which nutrients promote growth and development? - -Proteins, lipids, some vitamins,
some minerals, water
-What elements are carbohydrates composed of? - -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
-What are the main foods we get carbs from? - -fruits, vegetables, grains
-What are the 2 main types of carbohydrates? - -simple and complex
-Simple carbs: - -sugars
Example: glucose
-Complex carbs: - -polysaccharides in food, glycogen in our bodies
Examples of complex carbs: fiber, starch, glycogen
-Are lipids soluble in water? - -NO!--but soluble in organic solvents (like ethanol)
-What elemts are lipids made up of? - -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
-What are triglycerides? - -major form of fat in food and major form of energy storage in
our bodies
-What are the 2 types of lipids? - -saturated, unsaturated fatty acids
-Which is healthier: saturated or unsaturated fatty acids? - -unsaturated--saturated fatty
acids raise blood pressure
, -What are 2 important types of unsaturated fatty acids? - -linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic
acid (ESSENTIAL! roles are to be structural units of cell walls and help regulate blood
pressure and nerve transmissions. can get supply from vegetable oil or fish oil)
-What are trans fatty acids? - -bad for health--have been processed to change their
structure from -cis end to -trans end
-What are the functions of lipids? - -provide 9 kcal of energy, energy storage, hormone
synthesis, membrane
-What elements are proteins composed of? - -carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
-What are the functions of proteins? - -provide 4 kcal of energy, blood transport, enzymes,
muscle, cell signaling
-There are 20 amino acids--how many of them are essential? - -9
-What are the two types of vitamins? - -water-soluble, fat soluble
-Which vitamins are water soluble? - -C & B
-Characteristics of water soluble vitamins? - -more easily excreted from the body (thru
urine), easily destroyed by cooking
-Which vitamins are fat soluble? - -A, D, E, K
-Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins? - -more easily stored in the body, greater risk for
toxicity
-What is the function of vitamins? - -to enable chemical reactions
-What is the function of minerals? - -water balance, nervous system, muscle contraction,
enable chemical reactions, etc
-What are the two subcategories of minerals? - -major minerals, trace minerals
-What are major minerals? - -required in gram amounts: sodium, potassium, chloride,
calcium, and phosphorous
-What are trace minerals? - -required less than 100 mg daily: iron, zinc, copper, selenium
-What are the functions of water in the body? - -lubricant, solvent and transportation,
body temp. regulation
-Do men or women have more water in their bodies? - -usually men because of higher
muscle mass
