C1 book
Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology: concerns the function of the body (how the body parts work and carry out their life
sustaining activities).
Gross / macroscopic anatomy: study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the
heart, lungs and kidneys. Gross anatomy can be approached in different ways:
Regional anatomy – all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a
particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
Systemic anatomy – body structure is studies system by system. When studying the
cardiovasculair system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire
body.
Surface anatomy – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
E.g. used by clinicians to locate the appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pules and draw
blood.
Lecture C1a
3-9-2020
Different levels:
- Cell
- Tissue: cells together
- Organ: composed of multiple tissue types
- Organ system/organism: consists of different organs
Cell + tissue = microscopic anatomy
Organ + organs system/organism = macroscopic / gross anatomy (visible with the naked eye). This is
what we will look at with (this course of) anatomy.
There are different approaches of gross anatomy:
- Regional: focus on structures within a region. E.g. in the leg.
- Systemic: muscular system vs. nervous system vs. skeleton.
Both approaches have its (dis)advantages.
Anatomical nomenclature different language in the anatomical field. It is constructed way back in
the days. Starts with Hippokrates Aurus Cornelius Celsus Rufus of Efesos Claudius Galenus
Andreas Versaillus.
The language of anatomy includes terms for:
- Planes/sections, views.
- Structure type.
- Relationships and comparisons.
- Laterality.
- Movement.
1)Nomenclature for body regions:
Head = caput
Collum = neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Extremitas = extremities (‘=ledenmaten’)
Etc.
2)Nomenclature for organs / structures:
Heart = cor
, Lungs = pulmo
Leg upper bone = humerus
Etc.
3)Nomenclature for structure types: abbreviation singular: abbreviation plural:
Artery = arteria a. aa.
Vein = vena v. vv.
Nerve = nervus n. nn.
Muscle = musculus m. mm.
Joint = articulation art. Artt.
Ligament = ligamentum lig. Ligg.
Etc.
So for example in the leg, genu = knee, so art. genu is the knee joint.
Terms for relationships & comparisons:
Distance: superficial, deep
Right and left: dexter and sinister
To compare a structure to another the midline is used as reference point to use ‘more to the back’ or
to ‘to the side’.
The anatomical position is seen in the picture.
The sagittal planes run from the front to the back (from
anterior to posterior). It divides the body in a left and right
halve. When the plane is mid-sagittal, it is called the median
(divides to body in two symmetrical parts).
Dexter (for the person) and sinister from the sagittal
plane.
Structure further away from median plane = lateral;
structure nearer to median plane = medial. E.g. the
arm is lateral from the belly.
The frontal plane is perpendicular to the sagittal plane. It is also called coronal. It divides the body in
a front and a back part.
Structure nearer to the belly/front = ventral / anterior; structure nearer to the back = dorsal /
posterior.
Exception hand/foot. The hand palms are at the ventral side and the back of the hand at the
dorsal side. Your feet are just ‘cut’ halfway through.
The transversal plane /axial/horizontal plane divides the body in ‘above’ and ‘below’ (so upper and
lower part when standing right up).
Structure nearer to the head = superior / cranial; nearer to the feet = inferior / caudal.
For the extremities we use proximal = nearer to the trunk; distal = away from the trunk.
Lecture C1b
Organization of the human body:
- Tissue types
- Organs
- Organ systems
Different levels of organization:
Atom molecules macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system
organism.
Anatomy: studies structure and relationship between organs in an organ system or body part.
Histology: studies tissues and their structure.
Physiology: studies function and mechanisms in an organ or organ system.
Anatomy: studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Physiology: concerns the function of the body (how the body parts work and carry out their life
sustaining activities).
Gross / macroscopic anatomy: study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the
heart, lungs and kidneys. Gross anatomy can be approached in different ways:
Regional anatomy – all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a
particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.
Systemic anatomy – body structure is studies system by system. When studying the
cardiovasculair system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire
body.
Surface anatomy – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
E.g. used by clinicians to locate the appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pules and draw
blood.
Lecture C1a
3-9-2020
Different levels:
- Cell
- Tissue: cells together
- Organ: composed of multiple tissue types
- Organ system/organism: consists of different organs
Cell + tissue = microscopic anatomy
Organ + organs system/organism = macroscopic / gross anatomy (visible with the naked eye). This is
what we will look at with (this course of) anatomy.
There are different approaches of gross anatomy:
- Regional: focus on structures within a region. E.g. in the leg.
- Systemic: muscular system vs. nervous system vs. skeleton.
Both approaches have its (dis)advantages.
Anatomical nomenclature different language in the anatomical field. It is constructed way back in
the days. Starts with Hippokrates Aurus Cornelius Celsus Rufus of Efesos Claudius Galenus
Andreas Versaillus.
The language of anatomy includes terms for:
- Planes/sections, views.
- Structure type.
- Relationships and comparisons.
- Laterality.
- Movement.
1)Nomenclature for body regions:
Head = caput
Collum = neck
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Extremitas = extremities (‘=ledenmaten’)
Etc.
2)Nomenclature for organs / structures:
Heart = cor
, Lungs = pulmo
Leg upper bone = humerus
Etc.
3)Nomenclature for structure types: abbreviation singular: abbreviation plural:
Artery = arteria a. aa.
Vein = vena v. vv.
Nerve = nervus n. nn.
Muscle = musculus m. mm.
Joint = articulation art. Artt.
Ligament = ligamentum lig. Ligg.
Etc.
So for example in the leg, genu = knee, so art. genu is the knee joint.
Terms for relationships & comparisons:
Distance: superficial, deep
Right and left: dexter and sinister
To compare a structure to another the midline is used as reference point to use ‘more to the back’ or
to ‘to the side’.
The anatomical position is seen in the picture.
The sagittal planes run from the front to the back (from
anterior to posterior). It divides the body in a left and right
halve. When the plane is mid-sagittal, it is called the median
(divides to body in two symmetrical parts).
Dexter (for the person) and sinister from the sagittal
plane.
Structure further away from median plane = lateral;
structure nearer to median plane = medial. E.g. the
arm is lateral from the belly.
The frontal plane is perpendicular to the sagittal plane. It is also called coronal. It divides the body in
a front and a back part.
Structure nearer to the belly/front = ventral / anterior; structure nearer to the back = dorsal /
posterior.
Exception hand/foot. The hand palms are at the ventral side and the back of the hand at the
dorsal side. Your feet are just ‘cut’ halfway through.
The transversal plane /axial/horizontal plane divides the body in ‘above’ and ‘below’ (so upper and
lower part when standing right up).
Structure nearer to the head = superior / cranial; nearer to the feet = inferior / caudal.
For the extremities we use proximal = nearer to the trunk; distal = away from the trunk.
Lecture C1b
Organization of the human body:
- Tissue types
- Organs
- Organ systems
Different levels of organization:
Atom molecules macromolecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system
organism.
Anatomy: studies structure and relationship between organs in an organ system or body part.
Histology: studies tissues and their structure.
Physiology: studies function and mechanisms in an organ or organ system.
