Nutrition Final Exam
Lacto ovo vegetarian diet:
● Lacto-vegetarian= plants & dairy products
Simple Vs Complex Carbs
● Complex: Polysaccharides Complex Carbs made of long chains of many sugar
molecules, don’t taste sweet. Usually Insoluble in water. Starch, dextrin, glycogen, &
fiber.
● Simple: Monosaccharides(Glucose, fructose, galactose) & disaccharides( , sucrose,
lactose, maltose)
● One sugar, simple sugar/ simple carb
● Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
● Glucose (dextrose/blood sugar) most common in body
End Product of Carb digestion 3 things:
● Glucose, fructose, galactose absorbed through intestinal mucosa
Obesity & overweight risk for?:
● Diabetes, cardiac disease, stroke
Functions of fat in body: Provide energy, 9kcal, more than twice than carbs or protein, 40% of
energy at rest, carries fat soluble vitamins, and provides essential fatty acids, provides satiety
b/c leaves the stomach slower
● Supplies large amount of energy in a small amount of food
● Excess fat stored as adipose tissue
● Conserves body heat
● Helps keep skin health=fatty acids
● Carries fat soluble “ADEK”
● Protects and insulates nerve tissue
Fatty acids= monosaturated= food in what
● One double bond
● Plant sources = vegetable oils liquid at room temp (canola, olive oil, high oleic, safflower,
sunflower), avocado, & nuts
High intake of trans fatty acids do what to HDL & LDL:
“Good” Cholesterol: + HDL + Increase levels of HDL
● LIpoprotein HDL;
● HDL= High Density lipoprotein
● Function to transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver= lowers serum cholesterol
levels/risk of heart disease
● HDL levels can increase by exercise, weight loss, smoking, cessation, & moderate
alcohol consumption
This study source was downloaded by 1143875 from cliffsnotes.com on 08-10-2025 18:10:34 GMT -05:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/3429017
, ● Trans fats decrease HDL level, increase LDL (bad cholesterol)
Who is at risk for Vitamin D deficiency?:
● Totally breast fed infants, vegetarians who dont consume dairy, homebound or
institutionalized (highest risk, no sunlight)
● Secondary risk= liver disease, kidney disease, or fat malabsorption
Vitamin D deficiency:
● Bleeding gums, Pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, Scurvy = Hemorrhaging, muscle
degeneration, skin changes; Delayed wound healing, reopening of wounds, softening
the bones, malformation, pain, easy fractures, soft/loose teeth, Anemia, increased
susceptibility to infection, Hysteria & depression
● Populations at risk for deficiency= people who don’t eat fruit or vegetables, alcholics,
people of low socioeconomic status ( smokers need extra Vit C b/c nicotine inhibits
absorption)
Which nutrients supply energy:
● Carbs
What are fat soluble vitamins:
Fat Soluble Vitamins:
Vitamins A, D, E, K
● Absorbed into lymphatic circulation w/ fat & must attach to a protein carrier to be
transported through the blood
● Body stores fat sol vit primarily in liver & fat tissue = deficiency symptoms rare b/c stored
in body’
● Vitamin A & D toxic in excess for prolonged period
● Cooking doesn't easily destroy
Adequate Fluid intake essential for:
● Preventing pressure wounds, renal calculi, bladder infections, constipation, &
dehydration (establish bladder & bowel routine)
Too much fat & dietary excess, leads to imbalance therefore what disease(s):
Obesity, cardiac disease, hyperlipidemia, heart attack, death stroke
Progression of Post op food: Clear, full liquid
● Clear
● Full
● Soft
● Regular
Food source of Vitamin K:
● Liver
This study source was downloaded by 1143875 from cliffsnotes.com on 08-10-2025 18:10:34 GMT -05:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/3429017
Lacto ovo vegetarian diet:
● Lacto-vegetarian= plants & dairy products
Simple Vs Complex Carbs
● Complex: Polysaccharides Complex Carbs made of long chains of many sugar
molecules, don’t taste sweet. Usually Insoluble in water. Starch, dextrin, glycogen, &
fiber.
● Simple: Monosaccharides(Glucose, fructose, galactose) & disaccharides( , sucrose,
lactose, maltose)
● One sugar, simple sugar/ simple carb
● Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
● Glucose (dextrose/blood sugar) most common in body
End Product of Carb digestion 3 things:
● Glucose, fructose, galactose absorbed through intestinal mucosa
Obesity & overweight risk for?:
● Diabetes, cardiac disease, stroke
Functions of fat in body: Provide energy, 9kcal, more than twice than carbs or protein, 40% of
energy at rest, carries fat soluble vitamins, and provides essential fatty acids, provides satiety
b/c leaves the stomach slower
● Supplies large amount of energy in a small amount of food
● Excess fat stored as adipose tissue
● Conserves body heat
● Helps keep skin health=fatty acids
● Carries fat soluble “ADEK”
● Protects and insulates nerve tissue
Fatty acids= monosaturated= food in what
● One double bond
● Plant sources = vegetable oils liquid at room temp (canola, olive oil, high oleic, safflower,
sunflower), avocado, & nuts
High intake of trans fatty acids do what to HDL & LDL:
“Good” Cholesterol: + HDL + Increase levels of HDL
● LIpoprotein HDL;
● HDL= High Density lipoprotein
● Function to transport cholesterol from tissues back to liver= lowers serum cholesterol
levels/risk of heart disease
● HDL levels can increase by exercise, weight loss, smoking, cessation, & moderate
alcohol consumption
This study source was downloaded by 1143875 from cliffsnotes.com on 08-10-2025 18:10:34 GMT -05:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/3429017
, ● Trans fats decrease HDL level, increase LDL (bad cholesterol)
Who is at risk for Vitamin D deficiency?:
● Totally breast fed infants, vegetarians who dont consume dairy, homebound or
institutionalized (highest risk, no sunlight)
● Secondary risk= liver disease, kidney disease, or fat malabsorption
Vitamin D deficiency:
● Bleeding gums, Pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, Scurvy = Hemorrhaging, muscle
degeneration, skin changes; Delayed wound healing, reopening of wounds, softening
the bones, malformation, pain, easy fractures, soft/loose teeth, Anemia, increased
susceptibility to infection, Hysteria & depression
● Populations at risk for deficiency= people who don’t eat fruit or vegetables, alcholics,
people of low socioeconomic status ( smokers need extra Vit C b/c nicotine inhibits
absorption)
Which nutrients supply energy:
● Carbs
What are fat soluble vitamins:
Fat Soluble Vitamins:
Vitamins A, D, E, K
● Absorbed into lymphatic circulation w/ fat & must attach to a protein carrier to be
transported through the blood
● Body stores fat sol vit primarily in liver & fat tissue = deficiency symptoms rare b/c stored
in body’
● Vitamin A & D toxic in excess for prolonged period
● Cooking doesn't easily destroy
Adequate Fluid intake essential for:
● Preventing pressure wounds, renal calculi, bladder infections, constipation, &
dehydration (establish bladder & bowel routine)
Too much fat & dietary excess, leads to imbalance therefore what disease(s):
Obesity, cardiac disease, hyperlipidemia, heart attack, death stroke
Progression of Post op food: Clear, full liquid
● Clear
● Full
● Soft
● Regular
Food source of Vitamin K:
● Liver
This study source was downloaded by 1143875 from cliffsnotes.com on 08-10-2025 18:10:34 GMT -05:00
https://www.cliffsnotes.com//study-notes/3429017
